Duplicate machines are the forerunner of modern document reproduction technologies. They have now been replaced by digital duplicators, scanners, laser printers and copiers, but over the years they are the primary means of reproducing documents for a limited-run distribution.
Like typewriters, these machines were the product of the second phase of the industrial revolution that began in the late 19th century (also called the Second Industrial Revolution) This second phase brought mass market technology such as small electric motors and industrial chemical products without which machines duplication will not be economical. By bringing more and more documents into everyday life, duplicate machines and typewriters gradually change the shape of office desks and change the nature of office work.
They are often used in schools, churches, and small organizations, where revolutionary economic copying is required to produce bulletins and worksheets. The self-publishers also use these machines to produce fanzines.
Some alternatives to hand copying were created between the mid-17th century and the late 18th century, but none had significant impact in the office.
Video Duplicating machines
Polygraphs
(These are called Pantograph Machines, Polygraph Machines commonly called "Lie Detectors")
Polygraphs is a mechanical device that moves a second pen parallel to the one held by the author, allowing the authors to make duplicate documents as they are written. Polygraph appeared in the 17th century but did not become popular until 1800. Hawkins & amp; Peale patented a polygraph in the US in 1803, and beginning in 1804 Thomas Jefferson collaborated with them in working on the repair on the machine. He used polygraph for the rest of his life. However, polygraphs are impractical for most office uses and have never been used extensively in business. Hawkins & amp; Peale lost money producing polygraphs. The problem is "inherent instability, and the constant need for improvement and adjustment."
Maps Duplicating machines
Letters pressing
In 1780 James Watt obtained a patent for letter printing , which James Watt & amp; Co was produced starting that year. The pressing copying letter was used by early 1780 by the likes of Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Henry Cavendish, and Thomas Jefferson. In 1785, Jefferson used both a machine and a portable press made by James Watt & amp; Together.
By using a copying machine, a copy can be made up to twenty-four hours after the letter is written, although a copy made within a few hours is best. The copying officer will start by counting the number of master's letters to be written over the next few hours and by preparing a copying book. Suppose the clerk wants to copy 20 letters a page. In that case, he will insert a piece of greasy paper into a copyist book in front of the first tissue where he wants to make a copy of the letter. He will then change the 20 sheets of tissue paper and insert a second greasy paper. To muffle tissue paper, attendants use a brush or copy paper damper. The silencer has a water container that wets the cloth, and the clerk cleans the cloth over the tissue where the copy was made. As an alternative method of muffling tissue paper, in 1860 Cutter, Tower & amp; Co., Boston, advertises Lynch's patent paper coatings.
Then the letters are written with special ink photocopies that are not removed. The copying officer arranges the part of the letters to be used in the following sequence starting from the front: a sheet of greasy paper, then a sheet of tissue, then the letter is placed facing the back of the network where the copy should be made, then other oiled paper, etc.
Prior to the introduction of inks made with aniline pigments in 1856, the quality of copies made on letter posting emphasis was limited by the nature of the available ink photocopies. Some documents to copy with a copying machine are written by copying a pencil rather than copying the ink. The copying pencil core, which appears to have been introduced in the 1870s, is made up of a mixture of graphite, clay, and aniline dyes.
By the late 1870s, an improved method for wetting pages in copying books had been discovered, and by the late 1880s it had been widely adopted. Instead of using a brush or silencer to wet the tissues, the attendant inserts a thin damp cloth or pad between each of the following oil and tissue paper.
In the late 1880s, the adoption of office system repairs for unrestricted document archiving increased the demand for copying machines that made unlimited mail copies, as opposed to copies in bound books. In 1886, Schlicht & amp; Field of Rochester, N.Y., introduced the Rapid Roller Damp-Leaf Copier, a copier roller, which uses the pressure provided by the roller to copy the letter to a dampened roll of paper. After the copy is pressed onto the paper, the paper goes into the cabinet under the photocopier, where it dries on a large roller. The attachment is used to cut dry copies of the reels.
Copies can be made faster with copiers than with letter-printing machines. Claimed that nearly 100 papers can be copied in two minutes with a photocopier. Roller copiers compete with carbon paper technology. It is said that a roller copier can make half a dozen copies of a typed letter if the letter is run through a photocopier multiple times. It could make a dozen copies if the letter was written with a good pen and copier ink.
Process Letter Machine Co. from Muncie, Indiana, offers New Rotary Copying Press, a photocopier machine, in 1902. This machine is similar to a roller-copier but copied to the last paper.
Hectographs
The hektograph was introduced in 1876 or shortly before, is a technology in which an impregnated dye-copy master, unlike the same master, is placed on a cake pan full of gelatin companies. After the dye is soaked into gelatin, the sheet of paper can be placed on top of the gelatin to transfer the image. This is best for 50 copies. The histrionics are slow and clumsy, but can inspire great courage in its users.
While good-quality copies, fairly quickly from hectographs require quite specific materials (Aniline dyeing is the most effective), a skewable copy can be generated from a variety of confusing improvisational materials on emergency equipment. Practically every dye that seeps into the gelatin and then can be pulled by the available paper will work. This means that improvised hectography assumes the role of reproducing almost every kind of material that is censored from subversive literature to pornography.
Mimeographs
The mimeo machine (stencil) created by Albert Blake Dick in 1884 uses heavy-wax paper-stencil paper that can be penetrated by a pen or typewriter. Stencils are wrapped around machine drums (manual or electric), which force the ink out through the cut marks on the stencil. The paper has a surface texture (like bond paper), and the ink is black and odorless. One can use a special knife to cut the stencil by hand, but handwriting is impractical, since every closed-letter letter form will cut the hole and thus print it as a black clot. This technology was soon refined to control this problem, also allowing the use of typewriters to prepare for master mimeograph. If the user puts a stencil on the wrong side drum, the outbound copy is imaged.
Spirit Duplicator
The idto machine (sold-out spirit) sold by Ditto, Inc., uses two layers of "spirit master" or "master idem". Top sheets can be typed, drawn, or written. The second sheet is lined with a colored waxy coat. The pressure of writing or typing on the top sheet moves the colored candle to the back side, producing a mirror image of the desired mark. (This acts like the opposite of carbon paper.) The wax supply sheet is then discarded and discarded, and other sheets (containing images) are tied to machine drums (manual or electrical), with wax (back), or reversing the image) out.
The usual waxy color is aniline purple, a cheap, durable pigment that provides good contrast, though other colors are also available. Unlike mimeo, idem has a useful ability to print multiple colors in a single pass, which makes it popular among cartoonists. The spirit duplicator can not print two sides, since the saturation of the paper with the solvents attached to the process will destroy the previously printed image. One well-crafted master can print at most 500 copies, much less than can be managed by mimeo stencils. To produce further copies, a completely new master must be reconstructed in the same way as the original master.
Very well known, the imitated images will gradually fade with exposure to light, limiting their usefulness to permanent labels and marks. Copies of copies are now a serious challenge for archivists who are responsible for the textual and artistic preservation of documents.
Comparison of mimeograph and spirit duplicator
Ditto machines and stencil machines were competing and complementary technologies during the first half of the 20th century. Mimeography is generally a more forgiving technology, and still survives in various forms until the 21st century.
Ditto machines require much better operating tolerances and careful adjustments to operate properly. The overall print quality of the spirit multipliers is often bad, although capable operators can overcome this with careful regulation of the feed rate, pressure, and volume of the solvent.
During their heyday, both types of duplicator machines are a cheap and convenient alternative to conventional fonts and offset or letterpress printing. They are perfect for short runs used for school worksheets, church bulletins, and dozines. Even the most technically minded teachers, professors, priests, and publishers can take advantage of it. The machines owe much of their popularity to the ease of their relative usage, and in some cases, the lack of requirements for external resources.
The mimeograph machine precedes the spirit duplicator, has a lower cost-per-view, superior print quality, better resolution, and if properly adjustable it can be used for multi-pass printing and double-sided printing. In addition, stencilled images are as resistant as printed paper, and do not bleach to be non-transparent when exposed to sunlight, as do the emulated pages. A good mimeo teacher can produce more copies than the best best teacher. Like masters, mimeo stencils can be stored and reused for future print jobs.
There are still mimeography enthusiasts in the United States and Canada, and mimeo technology is still used everyday in the Third World, as many low-cost stencil machines do not require electricity to operate.
Offset Duplicator
In the United States, offset printing presses of sheets size smaller than 14 x 20 inches (36 cm ÃÆ'â € "51 cm) are classified as duplicators. In Europe, differences are made between pressures that have cylindrical bearings, and duplicators, which are not. Duplicators are manufactured by Heidelberg (T-offset), American Type Founders (Chief and Davidson lines), A.B. Dick Company, and Addressograph-Mulitilith.
Digital Duplicator
In 1986, RISO Kagaku Corporation introduced a digital duplicator. It uses basic stencil technology but improves it, where operators do not have to create stencils directly. Stencils, called masters, are made using scanners and thermal print heads. The master used is automatically removed and placed in the disposal box, as the new one is created. In this way the operator does not need to touch the master material used which is coated ink.
There is also a cost advantage over photocopiers at higher volumes. For smaller prints, the main cost is in the main material. It ranges from 40 to 80 cents per master depending on the manufacturer. When it spreads over 20 or more copies, the cost per copy (2 to 4 cents) is close to the photocopier. But for each additional copy, the average cost decreases. At 100 prints, the master cost per copy is only 0.4-0.8 cents per copy, and the cost of paper printed at that point will begin to dominate. A master is able to create 4000-5000 prints, and then a new master is easily created if needed for further copies.
Other manufacturers have adapted technologies including:
- Riso Kagaku Corporation
- Gestetner
- Ricoh
- Duplo
How digital duplicator works
Like mimeo machines, digital duplicators have stencils (called masters), inks, and drums - but the process is all automatic.
- The original document is placed on a flat bed scanner or inserted through the scanner sheets of the sheet, depending on the model.
- When the start button is pressed, the image is scanned into memory by reflecting light from the original and becoming a CCD.
- Images are burned to the main material coated or laminated on one side, in a series of small holes by the thermal print head.
- When a new master burns, temporarily saved old master is deleted.
- There is a clamp plate on the drum that is open by the motor. The old drum and parent shift is inserted into the exhaust roller and into the disposal box.
- The new master is inserted into the closing clamp, then the drum is rotated, pulling the master onto the drum.
- The outside of the drum is covered with a screen and the inside is coated with ink. The display ensures the ink flow is set.
- The paper is fed to the drum, and the ink only comes through the master material where there is a hole.
- Pressure scroll presses the paper into the drum and moves the ink onto the paper to form an image.
- The paper then exits the machine into the outgoing tray. Ink is still wet.
See also
- List of duplicates
- Risograph
- Thermofax
- Cycle
- Gestetner
References
- Dead Media Project
- M P Doss, Information Processing Equipment (New York, 1955)
- Irvin A. Herrmann, Office Reproduction Manual (New York, 1956)
- W B Proudfoot, The Origin of Duplication Stencils (London, 1972)
External links
- Antique Photocopy Machine
- Take a deeper look at the desired master sheet
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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