Graphs (from the Greek ???????? graphikos , " property for drawing ") is an image or visual design on some surfaces, such as walls, canvas, screen, paper, or stone to inform, portray, or entertain. In contemporary usage include: representation of image data, such as in computer-aided design and manufacture, in the preparation of letters and graphic arts, and in educational and recreational software. Images generated by computers are called computer graphics.
Examples include photographs, drawings, line art, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images. Graphics often incorporate text, illustrations, and colors. Graphic design can consist of deliberate selection, creation, or typographic settings only, such as in brochures, flyers, posters, websites, or books without other elements. Effective clarity or communication may be a goal, a relationship with other cultural elements can be sought, or only, the creation of a distinctive style.
Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter may be a recording version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a scientist to highlight important features, or an artist, in which case differences with imaginary graphics may become blurred. It can also be used for architecture.
Video Graphics
Histori
The earliest graphs known to anthropologists who studied the prehistoric period are cave paintings and markings on rocks, bones, ivory, and horns, which were created during the upper Palaeolithic period from 40,000 to 10,000 BC. or earlier. Many are found to record astronomical, seasonal, and chronological details. Some of the earliest graphs and images known to the modern world, from nearly 6,000 years ago, are that of engraved stone tablets and ceramic cylinder seals, marking the beginning of the historical period and record keeping for accounting and inventory purposes. The tape from Egypt precedes this and the papyrus is used by the Egyptians as a material for planning the construction of the pyramids; they also use limestone slabs and wood. From 600-250 BC, the Greeks played a major role in geometry. They use graphs to represent their mathematical theories such as Circle Theorem and Pythagorean Theorem.
In art, "graphs" are often used to distinguish works in monotony and consist of lines, not paintings.
Drawing
Drawing generally involves making a mark on the surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool on the surface. Where tools are always used as if there is no tool it will be art. Graphic images are instrumental guided images.
Printmaking
Printing of logs, including images first seen in China after the paper was found (about A.D. 105). In the West the main techniques are wood cutting, carving and etching, but there are many others.
Etching
Etching is an intaglio method of graphic art in which images are sliced ​​onto the surface of metal plates using acid. This acid eats the metal, leaving the area rough, or if the acid-exposed surface is very thin, burning the line to the plate. The use of processes in graphic arts is believed to have been discovered by Daniel Hopfer (c. 1470-1536) from Augsburg, Germany, who decorate armor in this way.
Etsa is also used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards and semiconductor devices.
Art line
Line art is a rather nonspecific term that is sometimes used for any image consisting of different straight and curved lines placed on the background (usually plain), with no gradations in shadow (darkness) or color (color) to represent two dimensions or three-dimensional objects. The art line is usually monochromatic, although the lines may have different colors.
Illustration
An illustration is a visual representation such as pictures, paintings, photographs or other artwork that emphasize the subject more than the form. The purpose of an illustration is to describe or decorate a story, poem or piece of textual information (such as a newspaper article), traditionally by providing a visual representation of something described in the text. Editorial cartoons, also known as political cartoons, are illustrations containing political or social messages.
Illustrations can be used to display a wide range of subjects and serve various functions, such as:
- gives a face to the characters in a story
- shows some examples of an item described in an academic textbook (eg A Typology)
- visualize the gradual instruction set in the technical manual
- communicates subtle thematic tones in narration
- connecting the brand to the idea of ​​human expression, individuality and creativity
- make the reader laugh or smile
- for fun (make laughs) funny
Graphs
Graph or chart is a graph of information that represents tabular, numerical data. Diagrams are often used to make it easier to understand large amounts of data and relationships between different parts of the data.
Diagram
Diagrams are simplified and structured visual representations of concepts, ideas, constructs, relationships, statistical data, etc., used to visualize and clarify topics.
Symbol
Symbols, in its basic sense, are representations of concepts or quantities; ie, ideas, objects, concepts, qualities, etc. In more psychological and philosophical terms, all concepts are symbolic, and the representations for these concepts are merely allegorical (but not directly codified) tokens artifacts of symbolic meaning. , or symbolism.
Maps
A map is a simplified depiction of space, a navigation aid that highlights the relationship between objects in that space. Typically, the map is a two-dimensional, accurate geometric representation of a three-dimensional space.
One of the first 'modern' maps was made by WaldseemÃÆ'¼ller.
Photography
One difference between photography and other forms of graphics is that a photographer, in principle, only records a moment in reality, with apparently no interpretation. However, a photographer can choose a field of view and angle, and may also use other techniques, such as various lenses to distort the display or filter to change color. Recently, digital photography has paved the way for a number of fast, yet powerful manipulations. Even in the early days of photography, there was controversy over photographs of approved scenes presented as 'real life' (especially in war photography, where it was very difficult to record the original event). Distracting the viewer's eyes with very little with a simple stab in the negative can have a dramatic effect.
Field choice of view can have a powerful effect, effectively 'censoring' other parts of the scene, done by cutting it or not putting it in the photo. This even touches on the philosophical question of what reality is. The human brain processes information based on previous experiences, making us see what we want to see or what we are taught to see. Photography does the same thing, though photographers interpret scenes for their audiences.
Technical drawing
Technical drawing is an image type and technical nature, used to define full and clear requirements for the engineered item. Usually made in accordance with standard conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typography and line style), size, etc.
Computer graphics
There are two types of computer graphics: raster graphics, in which each pixel is separately defined (as in digital photographs), and vector graphics, in which mathematical formulas are used to draw lines and shapes, which are then interpreted at the end of the observer to produce the graph. It uses vector results in sharp graphics and often smaller files, but, when complex, such vectors take time to create and may have larger file sizes than raster equivalents.
In 1950, the first paired computer screen was attached to MIT's Whirlwind I computer to produce a simple image. This was followed by TX-0 and TX-2 MIT, interactive computing that increased interest in computer graphics during the late 1950s. In 1962, Ivan Sutherland invented Sketchpad, an innovative program that influenced alternative forms of interaction with computers.
In the mid-1960s, major computer graphics research projects began at MIT, General Motors, Bell Labs, and Lockheed Corporation. Douglas T. Ross of MIT developed an advanced compiler language for graphical programming. S.A.Coons, also at MIT, and J. C. Ferguson in Boeing, began working on sculptured surfaces. GM developed their DAC-1 system, and other companies, such as Douglas, Lockheed, and McDonnell, also made significant improvements. In 1968, light tracing was first described by Arthur Appel from IBM Research Center, Yorktown Heights, N.Y.
During the late 1970s, personal computers became more powerful, capable of drawing basic and complex shapes and designs. In the 1980s, artists and graphic designers began to see personal computers, notably the Commodore Amiga and Macintosh, as a serious design tool, which could save time and draw more accurately than any other method. 3D computer graphics became possible in the late 1980s with powerful SGI computers, which were then used to make some of the first computer-generated short films in Pixar. The Macintosh remains one of the most popular tools for computer graphics in graphic and business design studios.
Modern computer systems, dating from the 1980s onwards, often use graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to present data and information with symbols, icons and images, not text. Graphics is one of the five key elements of multimedia technology.
3D graphics became more popular in the 1990s in games, multimedia, and animations. In 1996, Quake, one of the first 3D games, was released. In 1995, Toy Story, the first computer-generated animated film, was released in theaters. Since then, computer graphics have become more accurate and detailed, because of the more sophisticated computers and better 3D modeling software applications, such as Maya, 3D Studio Max, and Cinema 4D.
Another use of computer graphics is the screensaver, originally intended to prevent the layout of widely used GUIs from 'burn to' computer screens. Since then they have evolved into true works of art, their practical purpose is outdated; Modern screens are not vulnerable to such burns in artifacts.
Web graphics
In the 1990s, Internet speeds increased, and Internet browsers were able to see images released, the first being Mosaic. Websites start using GIF format to display small graphics, such as banners, ads and navigation buttons, on web pages. Modern web browsers can now display JPEG, PNG and more, SVG images in addition to GIF on web pages. SVG, and to some extent VML, support in some modern web browsers has made it possible to display clear vector graphics at various sizes. The plugin extends the functionality of the web browser to display animated, interactive, and 3-D graphics contained in file formats such as SWF and X3D.
Modern web graphics can be created with software such as Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, or Corel Paint Shop Pro. Microsoft Windows users have MS Paint, which many found lacking features. This is because MS Paint is an image package and not graphics package.
Many platforms and websites have been created to serve web graphic artists and to host their communities. More and more people use internet forum alerts - generally appearing after user posts - and other digital artworks, such as photo manipulation and large graphics. With computer game developers creating their own communities around their products, many websites are being developed to offer graphics to fans and allow them to show their appreciation of the games in their own game profiles.
Maps Graphics
Usage
Graphics are often visual elements used to direct readers and viewers to specific information. They are also used to complement the text in an attempt to help the reader in their understanding of a particular concept or make the concept more clear or appealing. Popular magazines, such as TIME , Wired and Newsweek , typically load large amounts of graphic material to attract readers, unlike the majority of scientific journals. In computing, they are used to create graphical user interfaces; and graphics is one of the five key elements of multimedia technology. Graphics are one of the main ways of advertising the sale of goods or services.
Business
Graphics are typically used in business and economics to create charts and tables of finance. The term Business Graph came into use in the late 1970s, when personal computers became capable of drawing graphs and graphics rather than using tabular formats. Business Graphs can be used to highlight changes over a period of time.
Ads
Advertising is one of the most profitable uses of graphics; artists often do advertising work or consider the potential of advertising when making artwork, to increase the chance of selling artwork. Most importantly, graphs give a great look to the artwork every time it is applied. Graphs contribute to a common view of artwork designed, this in turn attracts members of the public who are interested in viewing artwork or purchasing it. Any graphic works (especially ads) or any poorly designed artwork will not entice the audience. Therefore, for ads to persuade and convince readers or viewers, it should be well designed with the necessary graphics tools to bring benefits to designers or advertisers.
Politics
The use of graphics for clear political purposes - cartoons, graffiti, poster art, flag designs, etc.-- are the centuries-old practice that thrives today in every part of the world. The Northern Ireland mural is one such example. A more recent example is Shepard Fairey in the 2008 US Presidential election, a poster of Barack Obama's "Hope". It was first published on the web, but soon found its way into the streets throughout the United States.
Education
Graphs are used extensively in textbooks, especially those involving subjects such as geography, science, and mathematics, to illustrate theories and concepts, such as human anatomy. Diagrams are also used to label photos and images.
Educational animation is an important field of graphics. Animated graphics have a tangible advantage over static graphics when describing material that changes over time.
The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary uses graphics and technical illustrations to make reading material more interesting and easier to understand. In the encyclopedia, graphs are used to illustrate concepts and show examples of specific topics being discussed.
In order for the graph to function effectively as an educational aid, the learner must be able to interpret it successfully. This interpretive capacity is one aspect of graphics.
Movies and animations
Computer graphics are often used in most feature new movies, especially those with large budgets. Highly used computer graphics including The Lord of the Rings, movie trilogy, Harry Potter movies, Spider-Man and War Worlds .
Educational graphics
The majority of schools, colleges and universities around the world educate students about graphics and art issues.
Subjects are taught in a variety of ways, each course teaching its own craft balance and an intellectual response to the client's needs.
Some graphics programs prioritize traditional craft skills - drawing, graphic arts and typography - more than modern craft skills. Other courses can place an emphasis on teaching digital craft skills. There are other programs that can shrink the craft completely, concentrating on training students to produce new intellectual responses that are briefly involved. Regardless of the apparent differences in training and curriculum, staff and students in one of these courses will generally consider themselves as graphic designers.
The typical pedagogy of graphic design (or graphic communication, visual communication, graphic art or any number of synonymous titles) will be broadly based on the teaching model developed at the Bauhaus school in Germany or Vkhutemas in Russia. The teaching model will tend to expose students to a variety of crafting skills (now everything from drawing to motion capture), combined with efforts to engage students with the world of visual culture.
Famous graphic designers
Aldus Manutius designed the first type italic style that is often used in desktop publishing and graphic design. April Greiman is known for his influential poster design. Paul Rand is known as the pioneer of design to design many popular company logos, including logos for IBM, NeXT, and UPS. William Caslon, during the mid-18th century, designed many types of typography, including Founder of ITC , Cucumber Founding Cascade , Caslon Graphique > ITC Caslon No. 224 , Caslon Old Face and Big Caslon .
See also
- An editorial cartoon
- Visualization (graphics)
- Semiotics
References
External links
- Historical Chronology of Graphics and Computer Animation
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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