Packaging and labeling

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Packaging is the science, art, and technology that enclose or protect the product for distribution, storage, sale and usage. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, and producing packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system in preparing goods for transportation, warehousing, logistics, sales, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, maintains, transports, informs, and sells. In many countries, it is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and personal use.

Package labeling (American English) or labeling (English English) is any written, electronic, or graphical communication to the package or on a separate but related label.

Video Packaging and labeling

History

Ancient Era

The first package uses the natural ingredients available at the time: reed baskets, bouquet bags, wooden boxes, pottery vases, ceramic amphorae, wooden barrels, sacks, etc. Processed materials are used to form packages as they are developed: for example, early glass and bronze vessels. The study of old packages is an important aspect of archeology.

The earliest recorded paper usage for packaging dates back to 1035, when a Persian travelers visiting the market in Cairo noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for customers after they were sold.

Modern era

Tinning

The use of tinplate for packaging dates back to the 18th century. The making of tinplate has long been a Bohemian monopoly; in 1667 Andrew Yarranton, a British engineer, and Ambrose Crowley brought this method to England where he was rectified by the ironmasters including Philip Foley. In 1697, John Hanbury had a rolling mill in Pontypool to make "Pontypoole Plates". The method pioneered there from the cylindrical rolling plates using a cylinder allows more uniform black plates to be produced than is possible with previous hammer practices.

The first tin box went on sale from the port at Bristol Channel in 1725. Tinplate was shipped from Newport, Monmouthshire. In 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 were exported. Tobacco workers in London began packing tobacco in metal-coated tubes from the 1760s onwards.

Canning

With the discovery of the importance of airtight containers for food preservation by French inventor Nicholas Appert, the tin canning process was patented by British merchant Peter Durand in 1810. After receiving the patent, Durand himself did not follow through with cannery. He sold his patent in 1812 to two other Englishmen, Bryan Donkin and John Hall, who refined the process and product and established the world's first commercial canning factory in Southwark Park Road, London. In 1813, they produced the first cans for the Royal Navy.

Progressive improvements in canning stimulated the discovery of the opening can in 1855. Robert Yeates, the Trafalgar Place West, Hackney Road, Middlesex, British tableware maker and toolkit designed a claw-edge can opening opener with hand-operated tools that bargained at around the top of the metal can. In 1858, another type of lever opener of a more complex form was patented in the United States by Ezra Warner of Waterbury, Connecticut.

Paper-based packaging

The Set-up Box was first used in the 16th century and the modern folding cardboard dates back to 1839. The first corrugated box was commercially produced in 1817 in England. Corrugated paper (also called pleated) received British patents in 1856 and was used as a liner for high caps. Scottish-born Robert Gair invented a pre-cut cardboard box in 1890 - large pieces produced in large quantities folded into boxes. Gair's discovery came about as a result of an accident: as a papermaker and a Brooklyn paper bag during the 1870s, he once printed a seed bag order, and a metal ruler, usually used for folding bags, shifting to position and cutting. they. Gair discovers that by cutting and folding in one operation, he can make a carton box that has been made.

The first commercial paper bags were manufactured in Bristol, England, in 1844, and American Francis Wolle patented a machine for automatic bag making in 1852.

20th century

Packaging advances at the beginning of the 20th century included Bakelite closure on bottles, transparent transparent sheaths and panels on cartons. This innovation improves processing efficiency and improves food safety. As additional materials such as aluminum and some types of plastic are developed, they are incorporated into the package to improve performance and functionality.

In 1952, Michigan State University became the first university in the world to offer a degree in Packaging Engineering.

Recycling at the plant has long been commonly used to produce packaging materials. Recycling of aluminum and paper-based products recycled by consumers has been going on for years: since the 1980s, post-consumer recycling has increased due to roadside recycling, consumer awareness, and regulatory pressure.

Many of the leading innovations in the packaging industry developed first for military use. Some military equipment is packaged in the same commercial packaging used for general industry. Other military packaging must carry equipment, supplies, food, etc. Under severe distribution and storage conditions. The packaging problem faced in World War II caused the Military Standard or "speculation" rule applied to packaging, which was then called "military specification packaging". As a prominent concept in the military, the packet of spec spec officially emerged around 1941, as Iceland's operation suffered a critical loss, which was eventually attributed to bad packaging. In many cases, spec mile packaging solutions (such as barrier materials, field rations, antistatic bags, and various shipping crates) are similar to commercial grade packaging materials, but are subject to stringent performance and quality requirements.

In 2003, the packaging sector accounted for about two percent of the gross national product in developed countries. About half of these markets are related to food packaging.

Maps Packaging and labeling

Packaging destination and packaging label

Packaging packaging and packages have several purposes

• Physical protection - Circumstances in packets may require protection, among other things, mechanical shocks, vibrations, static discharge, compression, temperature, etc.
• Barrier protection - Barring oxygen, moisture, dust, etc., is often necessary. Permeation is an important factor in design. Some packages contain desiccants or oxygen absorber to help extend shelf life. Modified atmospheres or controlled atmosphere are also maintained in some food packages. Keeping the contents clean, fresh, sterile and safe for the intended shelf life duration is the primary function. A barrier is also implemented in cases where separation of two materials before end use is required, as in the case of special paints, glue, medical fluids, etc. At the consumer end, the packing barrier is damaged or the quantity measured from the material is removed for mixing and subsequent end use.
• Detention or agglomeration - Small items are usually grouped together in one package for storage and sales efficiency. For example, a box containing 1000 pencils requires less physical handling than 1000 single pencils. Fluids, powders, and granular materials require containment.
• Transmission information - Packages and labels communicate how to use, transport, recycle, or discard packages or products. With pharmaceutical, food, medical and chemical products, certain types of information are required by government law. Some packages and labels are also used to track and track goals. Most items include their serial number and lot on the packaging, and in the case of food products, medicines, and some packing chemicals often contain the best/expiry date before, usually in abbreviated form. Packages can show their construction materials with symbols.
• Marketing - Packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential buyers to buy products. The package of graphic design and physical design has become an important phenomenon and has been growing for decades. Marketing communications and graphic design are applied to the package surface and often to the point of sale. Most packaging is designed to reflect the message and brand identity.

• Security - Packaging can play an important role in reducing the security risk of delivery. Packages can be made with enhanced tamper resistance to prevent manipulation and they can also have a tamper-evident feature that indicates that interference has occurred. Packages can be engineered to help reduce the risk of packet theft or theft and resale of products: Some package constructs are more resistant to theft than other types, and some have seals that indicate the appointment. Counterfeit consumer goods, unauthorized sales (transfers), material substitutions and harassment can be minimized or prevented by such anti-counterfeiting technology. Packages may include authentication seals and use security printing to help show that the packages and content are not fake. Packages may also include anti-theft devices such as coloring packages, RFID tags, or electronic article surveillance tags that can be enabled or detected by the device at an exit point and require special tools to disable. Using packaging in this way is a way of preventing retail losses.
• Convenience - Packages may have features that add convenience in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, closing, usage, disposal, reuse, recycling, and ease of disposal
• Portion control - Single or single dose packaging has the right amount of content to control usage. Mass commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are more suitable for individual households. It also helps inventory control: sells a sealed one-liter bottle of milk, rather than having people bring their own bottles to fill themselves.

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Package type

The packaging may be of several different types. For example, a package of transport packages or distribution can be a shipping container used to send, store, and handle in-product or packets. Some identify consumer packages as one that is directed to consumers or households.

Custom packaging is an evolutionary use of modern materials. Thermoforming and vacuum forming makes it possible to extend the capability for large trays, displays, and special needs. Thermoforming is a method that uses vacuum, heat, and pressure to form the desired material into a shape determined by the mold. This type of packaging is often used by the cosmetics and medical industries.

Packaging can be explained in relation to the types of packaged products: medical device packaging, bulk chemical packaging, over-the-counter drug packaging, retail food packaging, military packaging materials, pharmaceutical packaging, etc.

Sometimes it's easy to categorize packages by layer or function: "primary," "secondary," etc.

• Primary packaging is the first material that covers the product and stores it. This is usually the smallest distribution or usage unit and is a package that comes into direct contact with the content.
• Secondary packaging is outside the main packaging, and can be used to prevent theft or to group primary packets into one.
• Tertiary or transit packaging is used for bulk handling, storage of warehouses, and transport delivery. The most common form is the pallet unit load that is packed tightly into the container.

These broad categories can be somewhat arbitrary. For example, depending on usage, shrink wrap can be the main packaging when applied directly to the product, secondary packaging when used to combine smaller packets, or tertiary packaging when used to facilitate multiple types of distribution, such as to put a number of cartons on a pallet.

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Symbols used in packages and labels

Many types of symbols for national and international standard package labels. For consumer packaging, there are symbols for product certification (such as FCC and TÃÆ'Ã… "V marks), trademarks, proof of purchase, etc. Some terms and symbols are available to communicate aspects of consumer rights and safety, such as CE marking or forecasting alerts that record conformance to EU weight and measure accuracy rules. Examples of environmental and recycling symbols include recycling symbols, recycling codes (which can be resin identification codes), and "Green Point". Food packaging can show the symbols of food contact material. In the European Union, animal derived products intended for human consumption should carry standard and oval EC identification and health marks for food safety and quality insurance reasons.

Bar codes, Universal Product Codes, and RFID labels are common to enable automated information management in logistics and retail. Country of Origin labeling is often used. Some products may use QR codes or similar matrix barcodes. The packaging may have visible registration marks and other printing calibrations as well as troubleshooting alerts.

Shipping container tagging

Technologies related to container shipping are identification codes, bar codes, and electronic data interchange (EDI). These three core technologies serve to enable business functions in the process of shipping containers across distribution channels. Each has an important function: the identification code links the product information or serves as a key to other data, the bar code allows automatic input of identification code and other data, and EDI moves data between trading partners in the distribution channel.

Elements of this core technology include UPC and EAN item identification codes, SCC-14 (UPC shipping container codes), SSCC-18 (Serial Delivery Container Code), Interleaved 2-of-5 and UCC/EAN-128 (newly designated GS1- 128) bar code symbologies, and ANSI ASC X12 and UN/EDIFACT EDI standards.

Small package operators often have their own formats. For example, United Parcel Service has a 2-D MaxiCode code for package tracking.

RFID labels for shipping containers are also increasingly being used. A Wal-Mart division, Sam's Club, has also moved in this direction and put pressure on its suppliers to be obedient.

Delivery of hazardous materials or dangerous goods has special information and symbols (labels, placards, etc.) As required by the United Nations, the country, and certain carrier requirements. In the transport package, standard symbols are also used to communicate the need for handling. Some are defined in ASTM D5445 "Standard Practices for Flags for Handling Goods" and ISO 780 "Picture tagging for goods handling".

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Package development considerations

Package design and development is often considered an integral part of the new product development process. Alternatively, package development (or components) can be a separate process, but must be closely related to the product to be packaged. The design package begins with the identification of all requirements: structural design, marketing, shelf life, quality assurance, logistics, law, regulation, graphic design, end use, environment, etc. Design criteria, performance (determined by packet testing), target completion times, resources, and cost constraints need to be established and approved. Package design processes often use rapid prototypes, computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing and document automation.

An example of how the package design is influenced by other factors is its relation to logistics. When the distribution system includes individual shipments by small parcel operators, sorting, handling, and stacking the mix makes a heavy demands on the strength and protection capabilities of the transport package. If the logistics system consists of a uniform pallet unit load, the package's structural design can be designed to meet those specific needs, such as vertical buildup for longer periods of time. Packages designed for one shipping mode may not be suitable for others.

With some types of products, the design process involves detailed regulatory requirements for packaging. For example, every packet component that can contact food is the designated food contact material. Toxicologists and food scientists need to verify that the packaging material is permitted by applicable regulations. The packaging engineer needs to verify that the completed package will keep the product safe for the shelf life intended for normal use. Packaging, labeling, distribution and sales processes need to be validated to ensure that they comply with consumer conscious rules.

Sometimes the purpose of package development seems contradictory. For example, the rules for over-the-counter medicines may require the package to be unclear and child-resistant: This intentionally makes the package difficult to open. The intended consumer, however, may be disabled or elderly and can not open the package. Fulfilling all goals is a challenge.

Package design can be done within the company or with different levels of external packaging engineering: independent contractors, consultants, vendor evaluations, independent laboratories, contract packaging, total outsourcing, etc. A kind of formal project planning and project management methodology is required for all but the most simple program design and development packages. An effective quality management system and the Verification and Validation protocol are mandatory for some types of packaging and are recommended for all.

Environmental Considerations

Package development involves consideration of sustainability, environmental responsibility, and applicable environmental and recycling regulations. This may involve a lifecycle assessment that considers material and energy input and output to the package, packaging product (content), packaging process, logistics system, waste management, etc. It is necessary to know the relevant regulatory requirements for point of manufacture, sale, and use.

The traditional "Three R" to reduce, reuse, and recycle is part of the waste hierarchy that can be considered in product and package development.

• Prevention - Waste prevention is the main goal. Packaging should be used only if necessary. Proper packaging can also help prevent wastage. Packaging plays an important role in preventing loss or damage to packaged products (contents). Typically, energy content and material use of packaged products are much larger than packets. The vital function of this package is to protect the product for its intended use: if the product is damaged or degraded, all of its energy and material content may be lost.
• Minimization (also "source reduction") - Mass and packing volume (per unit of content) can be measured and used as criteria to minimize packets in the design process. Usually "reduced" packaging also helps minimize costs. Packaging engineers continue to reduce packaging.
• Reusing - Reusable packaging is recommended. Retractable packaging has long been useful (and economically viable) for closed-loop logistics systems. Inspection, cleaning, repair and recouperage are often required. Some manufacturers reuse incoming parts packaging for a product, either as a packing for an outgoing product or as part of the product itself.
• Recycling - Recycling is the reprocessing of materials (pre and post consumer) into new products. Emphasis is focused on recycling the largest main components of a package: steel, aluminum, paper, plastics, etc. Small components can be selected that are not hard to separate and do not contaminate recycling operations. Packages can sometimes be designed to separate components to better facilitate recycling.
• Energy recovery - Garbage-to-energy and fuel derived from Fuel at an approved facility utilize available heat from burning packing components.
• Disposal - Incineration, and placement in sanitary landfill is done for some materials. Certain US states organize packages for toxic content, which has the potential to pollute emissions and ash from incineration and leachate from landfill. Packages should not be littered.

Sustainable packaging development is an area of ​​interest for standard organizations, governments, consumers, packers, and retailers.

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The packaging machine

Choosing a packaging machine includes an assessment of technical ability, labor requirements, worker safety, maintenance, serviceability, reliability, ability to integrate into the packaging line, capital cost, floor space, flexibility (replacement, material, multiple products, etc.) energy, outbound quality, qualifications (for food, pharmacy, etc.), yield, efficiency, productivity, ergonomics, return on investment, etc.

Packing machine can be:

1. was purchased as standard equipment, off the shelf
2. buy tailor-made or custom-tailored for specific operations
3. produced or modified by internal engineers and maintenance staff

Attempts in packaging line automation increasingly use programmable logic and robotics controllers.

The packaging machine can be of the following common types:

• Collect and organize machines
• Blister packing, leather packaging and vacuum packing machine
• Bottle caps, over-capping, lidding, closing, seaming and sealing machines
• Boxes, boxes, trays, and carriers form, pack, unpack, close, and seal the machine
• Cartoning Machine
• Clean, sterilize, cool and dry the machine
• Encoding, printing, marking, stamping, and printing machines
• Convert machine
• Belt conveyors, accumulated and related machines
• Feeding, directing, placing, and related machines
• Charging machine: dry product handling, powder, solid, liquid, gas, or viscous
• Checking: visual, sound, metal detection, etc.
• The label installer
• Oriented, non-random machine
• Packing and closing machine
• Palletization, depalletizing, load load units
• Product identification: labeling, marking, etc.
• Sealing machines: heat sealer or glue unit
• Slitting machine
• Weighing machine: check the scales, multihead scales
• Packaging machine: stretch wrapper, shrink wrapper, milkfish
• Form, fill and seal the machine
• Other special machines: slitters, perforating, laser cutters, component parts, etc.

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See also

• Brazilian Packaging Market
• Automation of documents
• Print labeling
• Packaging problem
• Polypropylene raffia
• Package is refundable
• Gift wrapping
• Unlimited lifestyle

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References

Books, general reference

• Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & amp; Children, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
• Soroka, W, Illustration Illustrated from Packaging Terminology Institute of Packaging Professionals, [1]

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Further reading

• Calver, G., What is a Packaging Design , Rotovision. 2004, ISBNÃ, 2-88046-618-0.
• Dean, D.A., 'Packaging Technology for Drugs', 2000, ISBN 0-7484-0440-6
• Fiedler, R.M., "Distribution Packaging Technology", IoPP, 1995
• Holkham, T., "Writing and Planning Labels - A guide to good customer communication", Chapman & amp; Hall 1995, ISBN 0-7514-0361-X
• Jankowski, J., Shelf Room: Modern Package Design, 1945-1965 , Chronic Book. 1988 ISBNÃ, 0-8118-1784-9.
• Leonard, E.A. (1996), Packaging , Marcel Dekker. ISBNÃ, 0-8247-9755-8.
• Lockhart, H., and Paine, F.A., "Pharmaceutical Packaging and Health Products", 2006, Blackie, ISBNÃ, 0-7514-0167-6
• Meisner, "Transport Package", Third Edition, IoPP, 2016
• Morris, S.A., "Food and Package Engineering", 2011, ISBN 978-0-8138-1479-7
• Opie, R., Package Source Book , 1991, ISBNÃ, 1-55521-511-4, ISBNÃ, 978-1-55521-511-8
• Pilchik, R., "Validating Medical Package" 2002, ISBNÃ, 1-56676-807-1
• Robertson, G.L., "Food Package: Principles and Practice", 3rd ed., 2013, ISBN 978-1-4398-6241-4
• Selke, S., "Packaging and Environment", 1994, ISBNÃ, 1-56676-104-2
• Selke, S., "Plastic Packaging", 2004, ISBNÃ, 1-56990-372-7
• Stillwell, E.J., "Packaging for the Environment", A.D. Little, 1991, ISBNÃ, 0-8144-5074-1

Source of the article : Wikipedia