Proofreading is the reading of kitchen evidence or electronic copies of publications to detect and correct text or art production errors.
Video Proofreading
Professional
Traditional methods
The proof is a copy version or a manuscript page. They often contain typos that are introduced through human error. Traditionally, the proofreader sees text enhancements on the copy and then compares it with the corresponding increase in settings, and then marks an error (sometimes called edits ) using standard proofreader alerts. Unlike copy editing, the procedure of defining proofreading is working directly with two sets of information at the same time. The evidence is then returned to the code maker or graphic artist for corrections. Evidence of a correction cycle usually has a descriptive term, such as bouncing, bump , or revising unique to a department or organization and used for clarity for strict exclusion from the other. It is a common practice for all corrections, no matter how small, to be sent back to the proofreader for review and initialing, thus establishing a higher liability principle for proofreaders compared to those of the type or artist. Alternate method
Copy hold or read copy using two readers per proof. The first reads the text aloud literally as it appears, usually at a relatively fast but uniform level. The second reader follows and marks any relevant differences between what is read and what is set. This method is appropriate for boilerplate text in large quantities where it is assumed that the number of errors will be relatively small.
Experienced copy holders use a variety of verbal and verbal pieces accompanying their reading. The spoken word digits , for example, means that the numbers to be read are not spelled words; and in holes can mean that the next segment of text is in parentheses. Bang means an exclamation point. A thump or screamer created with your finger on the table shows the initial stamp, comma, point, or similarly identical attribute being read simultaneously. So the line of text: (He said the address is 1234 Central Blvd, and hurried!) will be read as: " in the hole 1 2 3 4 [sticky] center [sticky] buluhvuhd [bang] coma and bang rush ". Mutual understanding is the only guiding principle, so the code evolves as an opportunity. In the example above, two strokes after buluhvuhd may be accepted by readers familiar with the text.
Double reading . One proofreader checks the evidence in the traditional way but then passes it on to the second reader who repeats the process. Both are early evidence. Note that by holding both copies and double reads, the responsibility for the given evidence should be shared by two individuals.
Scanning , used to check evidence without reading word-by-word, has become common with computerized letter settings and popularizing word processors. Many publishers have their own proprietary filing systems, while their customers use commercial programs such as Word. Before data in Word files can be published, it must be converted to the format used by the publisher. The end product is usually called a conversion. If the customer has checked the contents of the file before sending it to the publisher, there will be no reason for another proofreader to read it back from the copy (although this additional service may be requested and paid). Instead, publishers are responsible only for formatting errors, such as typography, page width, and column alignment in tables; and production errors like text that was accidentally deleted. To simplify the issue further, the given conversion will usually be given a particular template. With experts in sufficient skills, experienced readers who are familiar with their type of work can accurately scan their pages without reading the text for errors that are not responsible for their mistakes or their attribution.
Style guides and checklists
Proofreaders are expected to always be consistently accurate as they occupy the last stage of typographic production prior to publication.
Before setting, copies are often flagged by editors or customers with instructions for fonts, art, and layout. Often these people will consult a style guide of varying degrees of complexity and completeness. Such guides are usually self-produced by staff or provided by customers, and should be distinguished from professional references such as Chicago Style Manual , AP Books , Style Elements >, or Gregg Manual Reference . When necessary, the proofreader can mark errors according to their home guides, not copies when two conflicts. Where this happens, the proofreader may be considered a copy editor.
Checklists are usually used in evidence rooms where there is enough product uniformity to filter some or all of its components into list format. They can also act as a training tool for new employees. The checklist is never comprehensive, however: the proofreader still has to find all the errors not mentioned or explained to them, thus limiting its usefulness.
Qualification
The level of proofreader education, in general, is equivalent to their co-workers. Typesetters, graphic artists, and word processors rarely need to have a bachelor's degree, and an online job list reading for proofreaders will show that although the list can assign titles to proofreaders, many do not. The same list will also show a trend of a degree-only position to be in commercial companies such as retail, medicine, or insurance, where the data to be read is internal documentation not intended for public consumption per se. Such lists, which assign a single proofreader to positions, are more likely to require a degree as a method to reduce the number of candidates, but also because the title is considered a requirement for any potential white-collared applicant candidate. Experience was initially discounted in preference for credentials, showing relatively low initial wages suitable for younger applicants. In a desktop-publishing multitasking environment, the human resources department can even classify proofreading as a generic administration skill for literacy itself. If this is the case, it is not uncommon for the proofreader to find themselves guaranteeing the accuracy of higher paid co-workers.
In contrast, printers, publishers, advertising agencies, and law firms tend not to specifically require a degree. In this single professional demanding environment, the educational gap surrounds the production department and not the company itself. Promotions are seldom done to readers because they tend to be more appreciated for their current skills than potential leadership skills. They are often overseen by problem-makers as well without degrees, or by administrative managers with little or no production experience delegating day-to-day responsibilities to problem managers. Therefore, the list tends to emphasize experience, offer a comparable level of payment, and includes the mention of proofreading exams.
Proofreader Testing
Applicants . although many commercial proofreading programs and varying degrees of quality college can be found online, practical job training for proofreaders has declined along with its status as a craft. Many books are also available that teach the basics to the readers. Such self-preparation tools have replaced formal workplace instructions.
Prospreader applicants are tested primarily on their spelling, speed, and skill in finding errors in sample text. To achieve that goal, they can be given a list of ten or twenty classic difficult words and correction tests, with strict timing. Proofreading tests often have the maximum number of errors per text quantity and a minimum amount of time to find them. The purpose of this approach is to identify those with the best skills.
A contrasting approach to testing is to identify and reward persistence beyond more arbitrary high-level skills. For the spelling test section, which can be completed by providing the dictionary, extending the glossary strikingly, and making it clear that the tests are not timed. For proofreading sections, appropriate language-use reference books (for example, Chicago Style Manual ) can be provided. (Note that knowing where to find the information required in special books as such is itself an effective component of the test.) Eliminating the pressure of what is essentially a deadline ASAP will identify applicants with persistent reservoirs, stamina, and less commitment greater than. At the same time, by mooting the needs of applicants to use a list of difficult words that are memorized and the knowledge learned about the more general grammatical traps ( affect, effect, lie, lie ), applicants learn that their success especially depending on the quality, at least theoretically available to anyone at any time without preparation.
A formal employee test is usually planned and announced long before, and may have titles, such as Level Testing , Skills Evaluation , etc. They are found in corporate or government environments with large enough HR staff to devote to preparing and managing tests.
Informal employee testing occurs whenever a manager feels the need to take a random sample of a reader's work by reading multiple-choice pages. Usually, this is done without warning, and sometimes it will be done secretly. This can be very effective, and there will be times when such re-reading is justified, but care must be taken.
There are two basic approaches. The first is to re-read the evidence within the time limit and in the department itself. Thus, managers will read from the same copy read by the first reader, and realize every volume and pressure of the first reader's deadline is below, and can directly observe the individual in real time. This approach can also be followed as a routine problem. The goal then is to not confirm the particular suspicion of poor job performance by particular readers, but rather to confirm the general assumption that proofreading staff requires ongoing monitoring.
The second approach to informal testing is to wait several days or weeks and then, as time permits, randomly select evidence to read when outside the department. Such evidence may or may not be accompanied by copied pages viewed by the proofreader. Here, the reader is again examining the evidence from the perspective of precision typography and format only, ignoring how many other pages read the first reader of the day, and not reading, and how many pages were successfully read and how many deadlines meet under specific conditions one day.
Economy
Proofreading can not be completely cost-effective where unexpected volumes or workflows prevent proofreaders managing their own time. Examples are newspapers, trade printing thermographic business cards, and network hubs. The problem in each of these environments is that the work can not be set aside to be re-read as needed. In the first two cases, the volume and deadline determine that all work must be completed as soon as possible; in the third case, current jobs at locations in hubs are rushed, regardless of their official deadlines, in favor of possible future jobs that may arrive unexpectedly. Where proof can be programmed only once read, the quality will be random but continuously falls below expectations. Even the best and most experienced readers will not be consistently accurate enough to justify premium payments.
Production technology can also prove the need to pay a premium for proofreading. In the thermographic business card printing example, even when there are no reprints, there is a lot of paper and ink waste in preparing each press line, separated by color. When (as is often the case) there is unused space available on the plate, there is no increase in production costs for reprints that use that space. Only when reprints are so numerous that they push the production staff into significant overtime will increase the cost. But significant overtime is usually the result of high volume in new orders that take eight hours a day. In such industries, proofreading simply needs - and can only - make marginal differences cost-effective. As for customers, many will never return even when their work is perfect, and quite a number of those who need reprint will find the retailers cost-effective prices satisfactory enough to tolerate late deliveries.
Only where the volume of workload does not condense all deadlines to ASAP and the predictable workflow can be proofreading at a premium wage. An inflexible deadline requires delivery time, but in practice, they do not have to order delivery before . If deadlines are consistently maintained rather than being transferred arbitrarily, proofreaders can manage their own time by putting evidence in addition to their own discretion to read back later. Whether the interval is only a few seconds or a night, it allows evidence to be seen as familiar and new. Where this procedure is followed, managers can expect consistent superior performance. However, re-reading focuses on responsibility rather than sharing it (as a double-copy and copy copy, both described above, do) and obviously requires extra effort from the proofreader and the measure of the independence of management. Instead of managers managing deadlines, managerial control deadlines, and leniency are passed to proofreaders and pay the equivalent.
Vs copy-editing
The term proofreading is sometimes used to refer to edits, and vice versa. Although there is some overlap, proofreaders usually do not have any real editorial or managerial authority. What they can do is mark the request for typesetters, editors, or authors. To clarify things at the beginning, some advertised vacancies come with notice that the advertised job is not a writing or editing position and will not be one. Creativity and critical thinking with their nature contradict strict discipline - following the necessary discipline of commercial and government readings. So proofreading and editing are responsibilities that are fundamentally separate. Instead, the copy editor focuses on analyzing sentence by text from "clear" by improving grammar, spelling, punctuation, syntax, and structure. The copy editor is usually the last editor to be used by an author. Copy editing is highly focused on style, content, punctuation, grammar, and consistency of use.
Maps Proofreading
Self
Key examples include self-employment and student newspapers. This type of material proofreading presents a special challenge, first because the proofreader/editor is usually the author; secondly because such authors are usually unaware of the error of error and the effort required to find it; and thirdly, because finding the final fault often occurs when the highest stress level and the shortest time, the reader's mind refuses to identify them as mistakes. In this condition, the proofreader tends to see only what they want to see.
Digital
Digital proofreading has taken many forms in recent years, such as auxiliary software and grammar checkers that have made the mistake of finding and correcting it very suitable for all types of authors. This system is not reliable at this time. In addition, new cloud computing developments such as Google's document editing service have enabled real-time editing and re-reading that can be done for clients as they watch the process, helping them to improve their writing.
In fiction
Examples of proofreaders in fiction include the Historia do Cerco de Lisboa, a 1989 novel by Nobel laureate Jose Saramago, a short story "Proof" in George Steiller Historia do Cerco de Lisboa > Proofs and Three Parables (1992), and an "Evermore" short story in Cross Channel (1996) by Julian Barnes, in which the protagonist of Miss Moss is a proofreader for dictionaries. Under the heading "Orthographical" in James Joyce's Ulysses novel, Leopold Bloom, witnessed the overseer of the problem Mr. Nannetti over "weak galleypage", think "Proof fever".
See also
- English and English spelling differences
- Distributed Proofreader
- ETAOIN SHRDLU
- Factor checker
- The Galley Proof
- ISO 5776
- Obelism
- Print press check
- Style guides
- Typographical syntax
- Circle of posts
References
External links
- The Importance of Evidence Readers by John Wilson
- The Gutenberg Project Distributes Proofreader
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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