Xerox Corporation ( ; also known as Xerox , distributed as xerox since 2008, and earlier as XEROX or XeroX from 1960 to 2008) is a global American company that sells print and digital document solutions, and documents technology products in more than 160 countries. Xerox is headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut (moved from Stamford, Connecticut in October 2007), although its largest employee population is based around Rochester, New York, the region where it was founded. The company purchased Affiliate Computer Services for $ 6.4 billion in early 2010. As a large company developed, it is consistently placed on the Fortune 500 company list.
On December 31, 2016, Xerox separated its business process service operations into a new public company, Conduent. Xerox focuses on document technology and business document outsourcing, and continues to trade on the NYSE. On January 31, 2018, Xerox announced that it would sell its controlling stake to Fujifilm, which has maintained a joint venture in the Asia-Pacific region known as Fuji Xerox.
Researchers at Xerox and Palo Alto Research Center uncovered several important elements of personal computing, such as desktop GUI metaphors, computer mice and desktop computing. These concepts were criticized by the board of directors, who ordered Xerox engineers to share them with Apple technicians. The concepts were adopted by Apple and then Microsoft. With the help of this innovation, Apple and Microsoft dominated the personal revolution in the 1980s, while Xerox was not a major player.
Video Xerox
Histori
Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester as The Haloid Photographic Company , which originally produced paper and photographic equipment.
In 1938, Chester Carlson, a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using metal plates coated with electrically charged photoconductors and dry toner powder. However, it takes more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to make copies commercialized, using document feeder, light scanning, and rotating drum.
Joseph C. Wilson, credited as "Xerox founder", took over Haloid from his father. He saw Carlson's discovery appointment and, in 1946, signed an agreement to develop it as a commercial product. Wilson remained as President/CEO of Xerox until 1967 and served as Chairman until his death in 1971.
Seeking a term to distinguish his new system, Haloid coined the term Xerography from two Greek roots which means "dry writing". Haloid was later renamed Haloid Xerox in 1958 and then Xerox Corporation in 1961.
Prior to the release of 914, Xerox tested the market by introducing a developed version of the prototype hand-operated equipment known as the 1385 Flat-plate. The 1385 was not a decent photocopier because of its operating speed. As a result, it was sold as a platemaker for Addressograph-Multigraph Multilith 1250 and related offset-print printing offset-feeding in the offset lithography market. That's a bit more of a high quality, commercially available plate dish that is mounted as a horizontal rostrum camera, complete with lighting and photo-flood timer. The film/plate glass has been replaced with a selenium-coated aluminum plate. This clever electricity turns into a quick and reusable replacement for movies. Expert users can produce fast printing plates, paper and metals of a higher quality than almost any other method. Having started as a supplier for the offset lithography duplication industry, Xerox is now directing attention to capture some of the offset market share.
The 1385 was followed by the first automated xerographic printer, Copyflo, in 1955. The Copyflo is a large microfilm printer that can produce positive prints on roll paper of all types of negative microfilms. Following Copyflo, the process was scaled down to produce an 1824 microfilm printer. About half of the size and weight, this large machine was printed onto a hand-pulled piece of paper that was pulled through the process by one of two gripper bars. The smaller version of this gripper feed system is the basis for the 813 desktop copiers.
The Xerox 914
The company became famous in 1959 with the introduction of Xerox 914, "the single most successful product of all time." 914, the first regular paper copiers developed by Carlson and John H. Dessauer; it was so popular that by the end of 1961 Xerox had nearly $ 60 million in revenue. This product is sold by an innovative advertising campaign that shows that even monkeys can make copies at the touch of a button - simplicity will be the basis for Xerox products and user interfaces in the future. Revenue increased to more than $ 500 million in 1965.
1960s
The company expanded substantially throughout the 1960s, making millionaires from some long-suffering investors who have been treating the company through slow product research and development phases. In 1960, an xerographic research facility called the Wilson Center for Research and Technology opened in Webster, New York. In 1961, the company changed its name to Xerox Corporation. Xerox common stock (XRX) was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1961 and on the Chicago Stock Exchange in 1990.
In 1963 Xerox introduced Xerox 813, the first regular paper copier, realizing Carlson's vision of a photocopier that could be stored on any office desk. Ten years later in 1973, a basic, analogue, colored photocopier, based on 914, followed suit. The 914 itself is gradually accelerated to 420 and 720. The 813 is both developed into 330 and 660 products and, finally, also a desktop printer microfiche 740.
Xerox's first foray into duplication, which was different from copying, was with Xerox 2400, introduced in 1966. The model number symbolizes the number of prints produced in one hour. Although not as fast as offset printing, this machine introduced the industry's first automatic document feeder, slitter paper and perforator, and collator (sorter). This product soon accelerated to fifty percent to become Xerox 3600 Duplicator.
Meanwhile, a small lab team borrowed 914 photocopiers and modified them. The laboratory developed what is called a remote Xerography (LDX) to connect two copiers using public telephone networks, so documents scanned on one machine will be printed on the other. The LDX system was introduced in 1964. Years later, this work began to pay off in Xerox telecopiers, seminal to today's fax machines. The fax operation in the current multifunction copier is correct for Carlson's original vision for this device.
In 1968, C. Peter McColough, an old executive of Haloid and Xerox, became CEO of Xerox. In the same year, the company consolidated its headquarters in Xerox Square in downtown Rochester, New York, with a 30-story Xerox Tower.
Xerox started a series of acquisitions. It purchased the University of Microfilms International in 1962, Electro-Optical Systems in 1963, and RR Bowker in 1967. In 1969, Xerox acquired Scientific Data Systems (SDS), which renamed the Xerox Data Systems (XDS) division and produced the Sigma line and its successor XDS 5xx mainframe computer series in the 1960s and 1970s. Xeros sold XDS to Honeywell in 1975.
1970s
Archie McCardell was appointed president of the company in 1971. During his tenure, Xerox introduced the Xerox 6500, the first color copier. During McCardell's reign at Xerox, the company announced record revenues, revenues and profits in 1973, 1974, and 1975. John Carroll became a supporter, then deployed the company throughout North America.
In the mid-1970s, Xerox introduced the "Xerox 9200 Duplicating System". Originally designed for sale to print shops, to increase their productivity, it was twice as fast as a 3600 duplicator at two impressions per second (7200 per hour). This is followed by the 9400, which performs auto-duplexing, and then by 9500, which adds a reduction in variable zoom and lightness control/electronic darkness.
In the 1975 Super Bowl commercial for 9200, Xerox debuted an advertising campaign featuring "Brother Dominic", a monk who used the 9200 system to save decades of manual copying. Prior to airing, there was concern that the ad would be criticized for blasphemy. However, when the ad was filtered for the New York Archbishop, he felt it was funny and gave him the blessing. Dominic, described by Jack Eagle, became the face of Xerox in the 1980s.
After these earnings years, in 1975, Xerox settled an anti-trust lawsuit with the Federal Trade Commission of the United States (FTC), which was under Frederic M. Scherer's direction. The Xerox approval decision resulted in a forced license from all of the company's patent portfolios, especially for Japanese competitors. In the four years following the approval decision, Xerox's share of the US copier market fell from nearly 100% to less than 14%.
In 1979, Xerox purchased Western Union International (WUI) as the basis for proposing Xerox Telecommunication Network (XTEN) for local-loop communications. However, after three years, in 1982, the company decided that the idea was a mistake and sold its assets to MCI with a loss.
1980s
David T. Kearns, an Xerox executive since 1971, took over as CEO in 1982. The company was revived in the 1980s and 1990s, through improvements in quality design and rearrangement of its product lines. Trying to expand beyond the copiers, in 1981 Xerox introduced a series of electronic memory typewriters, Memorywriters, which gained 20% market share, mostly at the expense of IBM.
In 1983 Xerox bought Crum & amp; Forster, an insurance company, and formed Xerox Financial Services (XFS) in 1984.
In 1985 Xerox sold all its publishing subsidiaries including Microfilms University and R.R. Bowker.
1990s
In 1990 Paul Allaire, an Xerox executive since 1966, succeeded David Kearns, who had reached the mandatory retirement age. Allaire freed Xerox from the financial services industry.
The development of digital copiers in the 1990s and the reshuffle of the entire product line gave Xerox a technical advantage over its competitors. In 1990, Xerox released DocuTech 135 Publisher Production Model, delivering print-on-demand. Digital photocopying is basically a high-end laser printer with an integrated scanner. Immediately, additional features such as network printing and faxing are added to many models, known as Multi Function Machines, or simply MFMs, which can be attached to a computer network. Xerox works to turn its product into a service, providing a full document service for the company including the supply, maintenance, configuration, and user support.
To strengthen this image, in 1994 the company introduced the company's signature, "The Document Company", above its main logo and introduced digital digital X. The digital X symbolizes the document transition between paper and the digital world.
In April 1999, Allaire was replaced by Richard Thoman, who was brought from IBM in 1997 as president. The first "outsider" who heads Xerox, Thoman resigned in 2000.
2000s
After Thoman's resignation, Allaire resumed the position of CEO and served until the appointment of Anne M. Mulcahy, another long-term Xerox executive. The Xerox turnover was largely led by Mulcahy, who was elected president in May 2000, CEO in August 2001 and chairman in January 2002. He launched an aggressive turnaround plan that returned Xerox to full-year profitability by the end of 2002, along with debt reduction, cash, and continue to invest in research and development.
In 2000, Xerox acquired Tektronix's color printing and imaging division in Wilsonville, Oregon, for US $ 925 million. This led to the current Xerox Phaser product line as well as Xerox solid ink printing technology.
In September 2004, Xerox celebrated the 45th anniversary of Xerox 914. More than 200,000 units were made worldwide between 1959 and 1976, production in 914 was discontinued. Today, 914 is part of American history as an artifact at the Smithsonian Institution.
In November 2006, Xerox completed the acquisition of XMPie. XMPie, a provider of cross-media software, one-to-one marketing variable data, is Xerox's first acquisition to remain an independent entity, as an Xerox company and not a division, and to this day is led by original founder Jacob Aizikowitz.
In October 2008, Xerox Canada Ltd. was named as one of Toronto's Big Entrepreneurs by Mediacorp Canada Inc., announced by the Toronto Star newspaper.
On May 21, 2009, it was announced that Ursula Burns would replace Anne Mulcahy as CEO of Xerox. On July 1, 2009, Burns became the first African American woman to head a company the size of Xerox.
On September 28, 2009, Xerox announced the acquisition aimed at Affiliate Computer Services, services and outsourcing companies, for $ 6.4 Billion. The acquisition was completed in February 2010. Xerox said it has paid 4,935 Xerox shares and $ 18.60 cash for each ACS share, for a total of $ 6.4 billion, or $ 63.11 per share for the company.
2010s
In May 2011, Xerox acquired NewField IT for an undisclosed amount. NewField IT developed the widely used DB Asset toolset in the managed print services market (MPS) along with leading MPS consulting and software services that had a major impact on this relatively small acquisition.
In December 2013, Xerox sold the product design, engineering, and permanent ink groups of Wilsonville, Oregon, and related assets previously obtained from Tektronix to the 3D System for $ 32.5 million in cash.
In December 2014, Xerox sold the IT Outsourcing business it acquired in 2009 from Affiliated Computer Services to Atos for $ 1.05 billion. This step is taken because of the relatively slow growth of this business relative to some other Xerox units.
In January 2016, Xerox - reported under pressure from activist shareholder Carl Icahn - announced that by the end of the year it will separate its business services unit, comprising mostly Affiliated Computer Services, into its own public company. The name and management of the new company have not been determined at the time of the announcement. Icahn will appoint three new company board members, and he will choose someone to suggest his search for a CEO. In June, the company announced that the document management business will retain the Xerox name and the new business service company will be named Conduent. It also announced that Ashok Vemuri would act as Conduent's CEO and that Icahn would control three seats on the board of the new company. It's constantly looking for CEOs for Xerox; in May, Burns announced his intention to resign as CEO but continues as chairman of the document management business. In June 2016 the company announced that Jeff Jacobson would become the new CEO after the completion of the planned separation of the company. It became effective in January 2017.
On January 31, 2018, Xerox announced that Fujifilm had agreed to acquire a 50.1% controlling stake in the company for US $ 6.1 billion; it, in turn, will be merged into Fuji Xerox, an existing joint venture in Asia, which will have a $ 18 billion post-acquisition value.
On May 1, 2018 it was announced that Chairman Richard Keegan and CEO Jeff Jacobson and four other directors would resign as part of a deal with investors Carl Icahn and Darwin Deason, who had proposed proxy resistance against Fujifilm's deal. On May 4, Xerox withdrew from the agreement after provisions on litigation suspension were not met. Icahn and Deason responded with an open letter to shareholders who blamed the board and management. On May 13 a new deal was reached, which also canceled the Fujifilm deal.
Digital printing
The laser printer was discovered in 1969 by Xerox researcher Gary Starkweather by modifying the Xerox 7000 copier. Xerox's management feared that the product version of the Starkweather discovery, which became 9700, would negatively impact their copier business so that the innovation remained in limbo until IBM launched the printer laser 3800 in 1976.
The first commercial non-impact printer was the Xerox 1200, introduced in 1973, based on 3600 copiers. It has an optical character generator designed by optical engineer Phil Chen.
In 1977, after the introduction of laser printers from IBM, Xerox 9700 was introduced. Laser printing eventually became a multibillion-dollar business for Xerox.
In the late 1970s, Xerox introduced the "Xerox 350 color slide system" This product allows customers to create digital words and 35mm graphics slides. Many of the concepts used in the "Photo Store" program are currently pioneered with this technology.
In 1980, Xerox announced a forward-looking laser 5700 system, a version much smaller than the 9700, but with revolutionary touch screen capabilities and multiple media inputs (word processing disks, IBM magcards, etc.) and a choice of 'completion' printers. This product is allegedly never intended to make the commercial market due to its development costs, but rather to demonstrate Xerox's innovation. It took off with many customers, but was soon replaced with a still smaller and lower cost 2700 Distributed Electronic Printer offering in 1982.
Palo Alto Research Center
In 1970, under the leadership of C. Peter McColough, Xerox opened the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, known as Xerox PARC. The facility develops many modern computing technologies such as graphical user interface (GUI), laser printing, WYSIWYG and Ethernet text editors. From these discoveries, Xerox PARC created Xerox Alto in 1973, a small mini computer similar to a modern workstation or personal computer. This machine can be considered the first true Personal Computer, given the versatile combination of cathode ray type screen, mouse pointer device, and QWERTY alphanumeric keyboard. But Alto has never been sold commercially, because Xerox itself can not see its sales potential. It was, however, installed in Xerox's own offices, around the world and people from the US Government and the military, who could see the potential. Within these sites, each workstation is connected together by a unique Xerox LAN, The Ethernet. Data transmitted around this system is heavy, yellow, and low loss coaxial cable using packet data system. In addition, PARC also developed one of the earliest internetworking protocol suite, PARC Universal Packet (PUP).
In 1979, Steve Jobs made a deal with Xerox's venture capital division: He will let them invest $ 1 million in return for seeing the technology they are working on. Jobs and others see the commercial potential of the WIMP system (Window, Icon, Menu, and Bookmark Devices) and development directed from Apple Lisa to incorporate this technology. Jobs was quoted as saying, "They do not know what they have." In 1980, Jobs invited some key PARC researchers to join their company so they could develop and implement their ideas completely.
In 1981, Xerox released a system similar to Alto, Xerox Star. This is the first commercial system that incorporates technologies that later become commonplace in personal computers, such as bitmap views, window-based GUI, mouse, Ethernet network, file server, print server, and email. Xerox Star and its successor, Xerox Daybreak, despite its technological breakthrough, are not in demand because of their high prices, at a cost of $ 16,000 per unit. The typical Xerox Star-based office, complete with network and printer, will cost $ 100,000.
In the mid-1980s, Apple considered buying Xerox; However, a deal is never reached. Apple instead purchased the rights to the Alto GUI and customized it with a more affordable personal computer, aimed at business and education markets. Apple Macintosh was released in 1984, and was the first personal computer that popularized the GUI and the mouse in the community.
In 2002, PARC was separated into a wholly owned subsidiary of Xerox.
Maps Xerox
Chief executive
Products and services
Xerox manufactures and sells a wide range of office equipment including scanners, printers, and multifunction systems that scan, print, copy, email, and fax. Family models include WorkCentre, Phaser, and ColorQube. For graphic communications and the commercial printing industry, Xerox's product portfolio includes high-volume, digital printing, production printers and wide-format printers using xerographic and inkjet printing technologies. The product family includes iGen products, Nuvera, DocuPrint, Impika (Trivor, iPrint and Rialto).
Company structure
Although Xerox is a global brand, it maintains a joint venture, Fuji Xerox, with Japanese photography company Fuji Photo Film Co. to develop, manufacture and sell in the Asia-Pacific region. Fuji Photo Film Co. is currently the majority shareholder, with 75% share ownership.
Xerox India, formerly Modi Xerox, is a subsidiary of Xerox India originating from a joint venture established between Dr. Bhupendra Kumar Modi and Rank Xerox in 1983. Xerox acquired a majority stake in 1999 and aims to buy the remaining shareholders.
NewField IT is a wholly owned subsidiary of Xerox that implements and supports third party software for MPS providers.
Xerox now sponsors the Ducati Factory Team in the World Superbike Championship, under the name "Xerox Ducati".
Xerox rating
The Xerox European Ranking Company, later expanded to Asia and Africa, has been wholly owned by Xerox Corporation since 1997. The Xerox Ranking name was discontinued after purchase, and the Xerox Rank Research Center was renamed to Xerox Research Center Europe.
Accounting irregularities
On May 31, 2001, Xerox Corporation announced that its auditor, KPMG LLP, has certified Xerox's financial statements for the three years ended December 31, 2000. And the finance includes several statements. On March 31, 2002, Xerox restated its finances reflecting a reallocation of equipment sales revenues of more than $ 2 billion. On April 11, 2002, the US Securities and Exchange Commission filed a complaint against Xerox. Xerox's alleged complaints deceived the public between 1997 and 2000 by using some of the most significant "accounting maneuvers," among which were changes in which Xerox recorded revenues from leased copiers - recognizing "sales" when a lease contract was signed, otherwise acknowledging revenue over the entire length contract. The problem is when the income is recognized, not the validity of the income. The Xerox reshuffle only changes the year it is recognized. On December 20, 2002, Xerox Corporation reported that it had found errors in the calculation of its non-cash interest costs related to the related debt instruments and interest rate swap agreements, resulting in a reduction of taxes after deducting interest costs of approximately $ 5 million to $ 6 million or less from 1 cent per share in each of the four quarters of 2001 and for the first three quarters of 2002.
In response to SEC complaints, Xerox Corporation does not recognize or deny any wrongdoing. He agreed to pay a $ 10 million fine and restate his financial results for 1997 to 2000. On June 5, 2003, six Xerox senior executives charged with securities fraud solved their problems with the SEC and disowned or denied wrongdoing. They agreed to pay $ 22 million in penalties, dismissals and interest. The Company received approval to resolve a securities suit in 2008.
On January 29, 2003, the SEC filed a complaint against the Xerox auditor, KPMG, accused four partners in the "Big Five" accounting firm allowing Xerox to "cook the book" to fill $ 3 billion "gap" in revenue and $ 1.4 billion "gap" in profit before tax. In April 2005 KPMG settled with the SEC by paying a fine of US $ 22.48 million. Meanwhile, Xerox paid a civil penalty of $ 10 million. As part of the settlement KPMG does not recognize or deny mistakes.
During the settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, Xerox began to change itself once more. As a symbol of this transformation, the relative size of the word "Xerox" increases proportionally with "The Document Company" on the company's signature, and the latter dropped entirely in September 2004, along with the digital X. However, the digital X and "The Document Company" are still used by Fuji Xerox until April 2008.
Character substitution bug
In 2013, German computer scientist David Kriesel discovered an error in the Xerox WorkCentre 7535 copier. The device will replace the digit numbers in the scanned document, even when the OCR is turned off. For example, the cost table in the scanned document has an entry of 85.40, not an initial number of 65.40. After unsuccessfully trying to resolve this issue with Xerox customer support, he publishes his findings on his blog. Providing examples of pages that cause bugs, it confirms that these bugs are reproduced on various Xerox WorkCentre and other high-end Xerox copiers.
The source of the error is a bug in the JBIG2 implementation, which is an image compression standard that uses pattern matching to encode identical characters only once. While this provides a high level of compression, it is prone to errors in identifying similar characters.
Possible solutions are published by Kriesel, which involves setting the image quality from "normal" to "higher" or "high". Shortly after it was found that the same improvements have been suggested in the printer manual, which mentions the occurrence of character replacement in "normal mode", indicating that Xerox is aware of software errors. In Xerox's initial response to the media's growing interest, the error was described as rare and only when factory settings have been altered. After Kriesel provided evidence that the error also occurred in all three image quality modes (normal, higher and higher) including factory defaults, Xerox corrected their statements and released software patches to eliminate the problem. While there are problems in some instances also in higher quality modes, Xerox advises users that they can use this mode as an alternative to apply patches.
Trademark
The word xerox is used as a synonym for copy (in both nouns and verbs) in many areas: for example, "I xeroxed the document and placed it on your desk" or "Please create copy the xerox-themed article and give them the week before the exam ". Although both are common, companies do not justify such use of their trademarks, and are particularly concerned about the continued use of Xerox as a verb because it places the trademark in danger of being declared a generic word by the court. The company is engaged in an ongoing advertising and media campaign to convince the public that Xerox should not be used as a verb.
For this purpose, the company has written to a publication that has used Xerox as a verb, and has also bought a print ad stating that "You can not 'xerox' the document, but you can copy it on the Xerox Brand copier". Xerox Corporation continues to protect its trademarks in most, if not all, trademark categories. Despite their efforts, many dictionaries continue to include the use of "xerox" as a verb, including the Oxford English Dictionary . In 2012, the Indian Intellectual Property Assistance Council (IPAB) declared a non-generic "xerox" term after "nearly 50 years (1963-2009) of sustainable existence on the list without challenge, and with evidence of nearly 44 years of proven use (1965- 2009) ", but by 2015, most Indians still use it as a synonym for photocopying.
See also
Note
References
- David Owen, Copy in Seconds: How The Inventors of Lone and Unknown Companies Created the Largest Communication Breakthrough Since Gutenberg - Chester Carlson and the Birth of Xerox Machines , Simon & Schuster, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7432-5117-4.
- Charles D. Ellis, Joe Wilson and Xerox Creation , Wiley, 2006, ISBNÃ, 978-0-471-99835-8.
External links
- Media related to Xerox on Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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