Mary-Claire King (born February 27, 1946) is an American human genetics. He is a professor at the University of Washington, where he studies genetics and genetic interactions and environmental influences on human conditions such as breast and ovarian cancers, inherited deafness, schizophrenia, and HIV, and lupus. Kings are known for three major achievements: identifying breast cancer genes; shows that humans and chimpanzees are 99% genetically identical; and apply genome sequences to identify victims of human rights abuses. In 1984, in Argentina, he began working with Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo in identifying children who had been stolen from their families and illegally adopted under military dictatorships during the Dirty War (1976-1983).
Video Mary-Claire King
Education
King received a bachelor's degree in mathematics ( cum laude ) from Carleton College. He completed his doctorate in 1973 at the University of California, Berkeley in genetics, after his counsel Allan Wilson persuaded him to move from mathematics to genetics. In his doctoral work at Berkeley (1973), he shows through comparative protein analysis that chimpanzees and humans are 99% genetically identical. King's work supports Allan Wilson's view that chimpanzees and humans strayed only five million years ago, and King and Wilson suggest that gene regulation is likely to be responsible for significant differences between species,
King completed postdoctoral training at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).
Maps Mary-Claire King
Scientific career
King accepted the appointment of faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, as professor of genetics and epidemiology (1976-1995).
While at the faculty at Berkeley, in 1990, King showed that a single gene on chromosome 17, later known as BRCA1, is responsible for many breast and ovarian cancers - as many as 5-10% of all breast cancer cases may be hereditary. The discovery of "breast cancer genes" revolutionized the study of various other common ailments. Before and during the 17 years the King worked on this project, from 1974 to 1990, most scientists ignored his idea of ​​genetic interaction with complex human disease. Genetics has been used in diseases with simple genetic ties, such as Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell anemia, but researchers are skeptical about the use of genetics in more general and complex diseases caused by some genetic factors as well as environmental influences. King's discovery paves the way for finally identifying genes several years later.
His contributions have been able to inform women of genetic information, which can then help women make the best choices for themselves and for their future.
King's techniques developed to identify BRCA1 have since proven fruitful in the study of many diseases and other conditions.
Since 1990, King has worked with scientists around the world to identify the genetic causes of hearing loss and deafness. They succeeded in cloning the first deaf-associated deaf syndromic gene in 1999. The King continues to work with scientists Karen Avraham in Israel and Moien Kanaan in the West Bank, modeling international scientific cooperation in relation to conducting scientific research. Deaf people are common among some endogamous Arab communities, providing a good research population to understand the genetics of these conditions.
Kings in recent years have developed a deep interest in studying the genetic factors that affect schizophrenia. In collaboration with scientists across the continent, his group has been working to identify genetic factors associated with schizophrenia.
King has also worked on the Human Genome Diversity Project, which seeks to illustrate the differences between individuals to further understand human evolution and historical migration.
At Dr.'s request. William Maples, King participated in a DNA investigation of Romanov's first analysis that was unearthed in 1991 in Ekaterinburg, Russia.
In 1995, King took an appointment as Professor of the American Cancer Society at the University of Washington. She is a member of the Board of Brain Scientific & amp; The Behavioral Research Foundation.
Human rights work
The king first applied his genetic skills to human rights work in 1984, when he and his laboratory began working with Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo (Granny of Plaza de Mayo) in Argentina. She uses dental genetics to identify missing people, eventually identifying 59 children and helping to return them to their biological family. Most have been born by women in prisons who have been persecuted as political dissidents and subsequently "disappeared" by the Argentine military dictatorship during the eight-year "Dirty War" from 1976-1983. These children are often illegally "adopted" by military families without the consent of their mother or family.
Starting in 1977 Las Abuelas ("grandparents") gathered to protest the disappearance of their grandchildren and seek their comeback. Every Thursday, they march to the central square in Buenos Aires ("Plaza de Mayo") to demand the return of their grandchildren, and they begin collecting data to identify missing children (estimated 400-500).
By the time the King joins the project, the dictatorship has been replaced by a democratic government, but it requires proof of kinship to remove children from families and return them to biological families. King's technique, using mitochondrial DNA and the genotype marker of the leukocyte leukocyte leukocyte antipotype from tooth samples, proved invaluable. The Argentine Supreme Court in 1984 determined that King's test had positively identified Paula Logares's relationship with his family, setting a precedent for the final reunification of dozens of families with their stolen children.
Since 1984, this technique has become the main method for genetic identification of the deceased as well as the living. In 1993, the King used techniques to identify the remains of the slain in the village of El Mozote, El Salvador. More than 750 adults and children were massacred and buried in mass graves by US-trained El Salvador soldiers (Atlacatl Battalion).
King has worked with many human rights organizations, such as Doctors for Human Rights and Amnesty International, to identify missing persons in countries including Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Rwanda, Balkan (Croatia) and Serbia), and the Philippines. King's laboratory has also provided DNA identification for the US Army, United Nations, and UN war crimes tribunals.
While he has become famous among humanity for genetic identification work, the King has been politically involved throughout his life. He protested against the Vietnam War during his college years. He said: "The single most effective thing we did was the day after the US invaded Cambodia, we pulled out our jackets and t-shirts - not the clothing worn by some of us since coming to Berkeley - and going to the synagogue and church - church and at the end of Sunday we have 30,000 letters against action. "While doing postgraduate work, King then worked with Ralph Nader to study the effects of pesticides on agricultural workers. In the early 1970s, he taught science in Santiago, Chile, when Chilean President Salvador Allende was assassinated on September 11, 1973, in a CIA-backed coup. She has supported women and ethnic and sexual minorities in science, and is critical of genetic patents.
Personal biography
King was born in Evanston, Illinois in 1946 and has a younger brother, Paul King, who later became a mathematician and business consultant. When the King was 15 years old, his childhood friend died of cancer. King became interested in science in the hope of learning enough to prevent and treat such illnesses. He graduated from Carleton College in 1966 at the age of 20 with B.A. in mathematics and received a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1972/73.
The king has one son named Emily. Emily has studied language evolution at Brown University.
King's younger brother, Paul King, is the CEO of Vanalco, in Vancouver, Washington.
Awards, gifts, and honors
Dr. King has won numerous awards, prizes, and awards for scientific and humanitarian works, including:.
- Doctor of Science, University of British Columbia (2018)
- 2018 Shaw Prize in Medicine
- 2018 And David Prize
- 2014 National Science Medal (given in 2016)
- TUBA Academy Prize in Health and Life Sciences (2016)
- The Cell Press - TNQ India Distinguished Lectureship Series 2017
- 2014 HudsonAlpha Life Sciences Prize
- Lasker 2014 (Special Achievements) Award
- 2013 Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
- 2010 CSHL Double Helix Medal Honoree
- Dr. A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine (2006).
- Weizmann Women & amp; Science Awards (2006).
- Peter Gruber Foundation Genetics Prize (2004).
- National Academy of Sciences (2005)
- Honorary Doctor of Science, Harvard University (2003), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (2006), honorary doctorate of Columbia, Yale, Princeton, Brown, Carleton, Smith, Bard, Dartmouth, and Tel Aviv University
- Clowes Award for Basic Research of the American Association for Research on Cancer (1994)
- Jill Rose Award, Breast Cancer Research Foundation
- Brinker Award, Susan G. Komen for Healing
- Women of the Year, Glamor Magazine
- Phi Beta Kappa
- Sigma Xi
- AAAS fellow
- The Institute of Medicine
- Board, Institute of Medicine
Famous professional services:
- The Development Program of the Faculty of Minority Medicine Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Scientific Advisory Board
- UN War Crimes Tribunal
- UN Forensic Anthropology Team
- National Cancer Breast Cancer Task Force
- National Health Genome Study Section
- Research Office on Women's Health Advisory Board
King has five patents and more than 250 peer-reviewed journal articles.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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