OLED

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An organic light-emitting diode ( OLED ) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emitting electroluminescent layer is a film of an organic compound emitting light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic layers lies between two electrodes; usually, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLED is used to create digital displays on devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems like mobile phones, handheld game consoles, and PDAs. The main field of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid-state lighting applications.

There are two main families of OLEDs: they are based on small molecules and those that use polymers. Adding a cell ion to OLED creates a light-emitting electrochemical (LEC) cell that has slightly different operating modes. OLED display can be run with a passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix (AMOLED) control scheme. In the PMOLED scheme, each row (and line) on the screen is controlled sequentially, one by one, while the AMOLED control uses a thin film transistor backplane to access directly and enable or disable individual individual pixels, allowing higher resolution and larger display sizes.

The OLED screen works without the backlight as it emits visible light. Thus, it can display solid black levels and can be thinner and lighter than the liquid crystal display (LCD). In low ambient light conditions (such as dark spaces), OLED screens can achieve higher contrast ratios than LCDs, regardless of whether LCDs use cold cathode fluorescent lamps or LED backlights.

Video OLED

Histori

AndrÃÆ'§ Bernanose and colleagues at Nancy-Università © in France made the first observation of electroluminescence in organic materials in the early 1950s. They apply alternating high voltages in the air to materials such as acridine oranges, either stored on or dissolved in cellulose or thin cellophane films. The proposed mechanism is the direct excitation of the dye molecule or the excitation of electrons.

In 1960 Martin Pope and several colleagues at New York University developed dark-dark electro-injecting contacts to the organic crystals. They further describe the necessary energetic needs (work function) for the contact of hole electrons and electrons. These contacts are the basis of cost injection across all modern OLED devices. The Pope group also first observed direct current (DC) electroluminescence under vacuum on a pure anthracene crystal and in tetracene-treated anthracene crystals in 1963 using small area silver electrodes at 400 volts. The proposed mechanism is the accelerated electron acceleration in the field from molecular fluorescence.

The Pope group reported in 1965 that in the absence of an external electric field, electroluminescence in anthracene crystals is caused by recombination of electrons and thermal holes, and that the rate of doing anthracene is higher in energy than the level of exciton energy. Also in 1965, W. Helfrich and W. G. Schneider from the National Research Council in Canada produced a double recombination electroluminescence for the first time in a single anthracene crystals using electrodes that inject the holes and electrons, the forerunner of a modern double injection device. In the same year, Dow Chemical researchers patented a method of preparing electroluminescent cells using high voltage (500-1500 V) AC-driven (100-3000 Hz) electrically insulated one millimeter thin layer of melted phosphor composed of anthracene ground powder, tetracene, and graphite powder. Their proposed mechanism involves electronic excitation on contact between the graphite particles and the anthracene molecule.

Roger Partridge made the first observation of electroluminescence from a polymer film at the National Physical Laboratory in England. This device consists of a poly (N-vinylcarbazole) film up to 2.2 micrometers thick which lies between two charge injection electrodes. The project result was patented in 1975 and published in 1983.

first practical OLED

American physical chemist Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke at Eastman Kodak built the first practical OLED device in 1987. The device uses a two-layer structure with a separate layer of transport and an electron transport layer so that recombination and light emission occur in the middle of an organic layer ; this results in reduced operating voltage and increased efficiency.

Research on electroluminescence polymers peaked in 1990 with JH Burroughes et al. at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, UK, reported high efficiency using a green light-emitting polymer device using 100Ã, nm thick film poly (p-phenylene vinylene). Moving from molecular materials to macromolecules solves problems previously encountered with long-term organic film stability and enables high quality films to be made easily. Subsequent research developed a multilayer polymer and a new field of plastic electronics and OLED research and device production grew rapidly.

Universal Display Corporation, developer and manufacturer based in the United States holds the majority of patents on OLED commercialization.

Maps OLED

Working principle

A typical OLED consists of layers of organic material located between two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, all stored on a substrate. The organic molecule is electrically conductive as a result of the delocalisation of pi electrons caused by conjugation in part or all of the molecules. These materials have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, and are therefore considered organic semiconductors. Orgital of the highest and lowest occupied orbital molecule (HOMO and LUMO) of organic semiconductors analogous to the valence band and the inorganic semiconductor conduction.

Initially, the most basic polymer OLEDs consist of one organic layer. One example is the first light-emitting device synthesized by J. H. Burroughes et al. , which involves a poly layer (p-phenylene vinylene). However multilayer OLEDs can be created with two or more layers to improve the efficiency of the device. As well as the conductive properties, different materials can be selected to aid injection charging in the electrode by providing a more gradual electronic profile, or blocking the charge from reaching the opposite electrodes and wasted in vain. Many modern OLEDs incorporate simple bilayer structures, consisting of conductive layers and emissive layers. More recent developments in OLED architecture improve quantum efficiency (up to 19%) by using graded heterojunction. In a graded heterojunction architecture, the hole composition and the electron transport material vary continuously in the emissive layer with the dopant emitter. Graded hetero architecture combines the benefits of both conventional architectures by increasing the charge injection while simultaneously balancing the transport charge within the emitting region.

During operation, a voltage is applied in the OLED in such a way that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. Anodes are based on their optical transparency qualities, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. The electron current flows through the device from the cathode to the anode, since the electrons are injected into LUMO from the organic layer at the cathode and drawn from the HOMO at the anode. This latter process can also be described as electron hole injection into the HOMO. Electrostatic forces carry electrons and holes toward each other and they recombine to form excitons, bound states of electrons and holes. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductor holes are generally more mobile than electrons. This decomposition of excited states results in the release of electron energy levels, accompanied by emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. The frequency of this radiation depends on the bandgap of the material, in this case the energy difference between HOMO and LUMO.

Since electrons and holes are fermions with half rounds of integers, an exciton can be in a singlet or triplet state depending on how the electron and hole rotations are combined. Statistically three triplet excitons will be established for each singlet exciton. Decay of triplet states (phosphorescence) is a forbidden spin, increasing the transition time scale and limiting the internal efficiency of fluorescent devices. Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes utilize spin-orbit interactions to facilitate intersystem intersections between singlets and triplets, thus obtaining emissions from singlet and triplet states and improving internal efficiency.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is generally used as an anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high working function that promotes injection of holes to the HOMO level of the organic layer. A typical conductive coating may consist of PEDOT: PSS because the HOMO level of this material is generally located between the work functions of ITO and HOMO of other commonly used polymers, reducing the energy barrier for hole injection. Metals such as barium and calcium are often used for cathodes because they have low work functions that promote the injection of electrons into the LUMO of the organic layer. The metal is reactive, requiring an aluminum capping layer to avoid degradation.

Experimental research has proved that the anode properties, particularly the anode/hole layer interface layer (HTL) play a major role in the efficiency, performance, and lifetime of organic light-emitting diodes. The imperfections on the anode surface decrease the adhesion of the film's anode-organic interface, increase electrical resistance, and allow the formation of more frequent dark spots that do not emit light in OLED materials that affect lifetime. Mechanisms to reduce anode roughness for ITO/glass substrates include the use of thin films and self-assembled monolayers. Also, alternative substrates and anode materials are being considered to improve OLED and lifetime performance. Possible examples include single sapphire crystal substrate treated with gold film anode (Au) which results in lower work function, operating voltage, electrical resistance value, and increased OLED life.

Single carrier devices are typically used to study kinetics and fill in the mechanics of transporting organic materials and can be useful when trying to learn about energy transfer processes. Currently through a device consisting of only one type of carrier, either electrons or holes, recombination does not occur and no light is emitted. For example, only electron devices can be obtained by replacing the ITO with a lower working metal function which increases the energy barrier of the hole injection. Similarly, a hole-only device can be made by using a cathode made of aluminum, resulting in an energy barrier too large for efficient electron injection.

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Balance operator

Reliable charge and transfer injection is required to obtain high internal efficiency, pure emissions from an uncontaminated illumination layer from cargo transport layer, and high stability. A common way to balance payloads is to optimize the thickness of the cargo haul layer but it is difficult to control. Another way is to use exciplex. Exciplex is formed between the hole transport (p-type) and the carrier (n-type) carrier chain to localize the electron-hole pair. Energy is then transferred to luminophores and provides high efficiency. Examples of the use of exciplex are Oxadiazole grafting and carbazole side units on the main chains of red diketoproprolroliran copolymers showing an increase in external quantum efficiency and optimum non-OLED color purity.

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Material technology

Small molecule

Efficient OLEDs using small molecules were first developed by Ching W. Tang et al. at Eastman Kodak. The OLED term traditionally refers specifically to this type of device, although the term SM-OLED is also used.

Molecules commonly used in OLEDs include chelate organologues (eg Alq ₃ , used in organic light-emitting devices reported by Tang et al. ), fluorescent dyes and fluorescent and dendrimers conjugate. A number of materials used for their cargo transport properties, such as triphenylamine and derivatives are commonly used as materials for hole transport layers. Fluorescent dyes can be selected to obtain light emission at different wavelengths, and compounds such as perylene, ruben and quinacridone derivatives are often used. Alq ₃ has been used as a green emitter, electron transport material and as the host for yellow and red dyes.

The production of devices and the appearance of small molecules usually involves thermal evaporation in a vacuum. This makes production processes more expensive and usage is limited to large area devices, rather than other processing techniques. However, contrary to polymer-based devices, the vacuum deposition process allows for the creation of well-controlled, homogeneous, and highly complex multi-layer structures. This high flexibility in the design of layers, enabling different charge transportation and blocking layers of costs to be formed, is the main reason for the high efficiency of small molecule OLEDs.

The coherent emission of a laser-doped tandem device SM-OLED, excited in a pulsating regime, has been shown. Nearly diffraction diffraction is limited to a spectral width similar to a broadband dye laser.

The researchers reported luminescence from a single polymer molecule, which represents the smallest possible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device. Scientists will be able to optimize substances to produce stronger light emissions. Finally, this work is the first step towards the manufacture of molecular-sized components that combine electronic and optical properties. Similar components can form the basis of molecular computers.

Polymer light emitting diodes

Light-emitting diodes (PLED, P-OLED) polymers, also light-emitting polymers (LEPs), involve electroluminescent conductive polymers that emit light when connected to external voltages. They are used as thin films to display full-spectrum colors. OLED Polymers are quite efficient and require a relatively small amount of power for the amount of light produced.

Vacuum deposition is not a suitable method for forming polymer thin films. However, polymers can be processed in solution, and spin coating is a common method for storing thin polymer films. This method is more suited to form a wide film than heat evaporation. No vacuum is required, and the emitting material may also be applied to the substrate by techniques derived from commercial inkjet printing. However, since subsequent layer applications tend to dissolve the existing ones, the formation of multilayer structures is difficult with this method. The metal cathode may still need to be precipitated by the evaporation of heat in a vacuum. An alternative method for vacuum deposition is to store Langmuir-Blodgett films.

Typical polymers used in the pleading display include derivatives of poly ( p -phenylene vinylene) and polifluorene. Substitution of the side chain into the backbone of the polymer can determine the color of light emitted or the stability and solubility of the polymer for performance and ease of processing. While unsubstituted poly (p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) is typically insoluble, a number of PPV and the corresponding poly (corresponding naphthalene vinylene) (PNVs) solvent in organic or water solvents have been prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. This water-soluble polymer or conjugated poly (CPE) electrolyte may also be used as a hole injection layer only or in combination with nanoparticles such as graphene.

Phosphorus

Phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes use the principle of electrophosphorescence to convert electrical energy in OLED into light in a very efficient way, with the device's internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%.

Typically, polymers such as poly (N-vinylcarbazole) are used as host materials for which organometallic complexes are added as dopants. Iridium complexes such as Ir (mppy) ₃ are currently the focus of research, although complexes based on other heavy metals such as platinum have also been used.

The heavy metal atoms in the center of this complex show a strong spin-orbit coupling, facilitating intersystem intersections between singlets and triplets. Using this fluorescent material, excellular singlets and triplets will be radiatively decomposed, thus increasing the internal quantum efficiency of the device compared to a standard OLED in which only a singlet state will contribute to light emission.

OLED applications in solid state lighting require high brightness achievement with good CIE coordinates (for white emissions). The use of macromolecule species such as polythedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) in conjunction with the use of glowing species such as Ir for OLEDs has shown brightness as high as 10,000 cd/m ² .

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Device architecture

Structure

Lower or top emission

The bottom or top of the distinction does not refer to the OLED screen orientation, but in the direction that emits light out of the device. OLED devices are classified as under emission devices if the emitted light passes through the transparent and semi-transparent transparent electrodes in which panels are made. The top emission devices are classified according to whether the light emitted from the OLED device exits through the added cap after device fabrication. The best emulating OLED emissions are more suitable for active matrix applications as they can be more easily integrated with transparent backplane transistors. TFT arrays attached to the bottom substrate in which AMOLED is produced are usually not transparent, resulting in a blockage of transmitted light if the device follows a lower emission scheme.

Transparent OLED

Transparent OLEDs use transparent or semi-transparent contacts on both sides of the device to make the display that can be made to transmit up and down (transparent). TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it easier to see the display in bright sunlight. This technology can be used in Head-up display, smart windows or augmented reality applications.

Graded heterojunction

The graded OLEDed heterojunction gradually decreases the electron hole ratio to electron transport chemicals. This results in almost double the quantum efficiency of existing OLEDs.

OLED overlap

OLEDs accumulate using pixel architecture that accumulates red, green, and blue sub-pixels on top of each other, not next to each other, which causes a substantial increase in gamut and color depth, and greatly reduces pixel gap. Currently, other display technologies have RGB (and RGBW) pixels mapped next to each other that reduce the potential resolution.

OLED Reversed

In contrast to conventional OLEDs, where anodes are placed on the substrate, the Reverse OLED uses the lower cathode that can be connected to the channel end of the n-channel TFT especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT backplane useful in making AMOLED screens.

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Color Patterning technology

Shadow Mask pattern method

The most common pattern method used for organic light-emitting displays is the shadow masking during film deposition. Also referred to as the "RGB side-by-side" method or the "RGB pixelation" method. Metal sheets with multiple holes made of low thermal expansion materials, such as nickel alloys, are placed between the source and the heated evaporative substrate, so that the organic or inorganic material of the evaporating source is deposited only to the desired location on the substrate. Almost all small OLED displays for smartphones have been produced using this method.

White Color Filter Method

Although the shadow-mask patterning method is a mature technology used from the first OLED manufactures, it causes many problems such as the formation of dark dots due to mask-substrate contact or misalignment of the pattern due to masc-shaped deformation. The formation of the defect can be regarded as trivial when the screen size is small, but this causes a serious problem when a large screen is produced, which brings significant production loss. To solve such problems, white emission devices with 4-sub-pixel color filters (white, red, green and white) have been used for large televisions. Regardless of light absorption by color filters, state-of-art OLED televisions can create high color reproduction, such as 100% NTSC, and low power consumption occur at the same time, using emission spectrum with high human-eye sensitivity, colors with low spectrum overlap and performance adjustments with color statistics being considered. This approach is also referred to as the "Color-with-white" method.

Approach other color patterns

There are other types of emerging modeling technologies to improve OLED manufacturing. An organic light-emitting device that can be patterned using a light or hot electroactive coating. The latent material (PEDOT-TMA) is included in this layer which, after activation, becomes highly efficient as a hole injection layer. Using this process, light-emitting devices with random patterns can be set up.

Color patterns can be achieved using lasers, such as radiated induced sublimation transfer (RIST).

Organic vapor jet printing (OVJP) uses inert gas carriers, such as argon or nitrogen, to transport volatile organic molecules (as in organic vapor phase deposition). The gas is ejected through a micrometer-sized nozzle or an array nozzle close to the substrate as it is being translated. This allows printing of random multilayer patterns without the use of solvents.

Like ink jet material deposition, inkjet etching (IJE) deposits the appropriate amount of solvent onto a substrate designed to dissolve substrate material selectively and induce structures or patterns. Inkjet etching of polymer coatings in OLEDs can be used to improve overall out-coupling efficiency. In OLEDs, the light generated from the emissive layer of OLED is partially transmitted out of the device and partially trapped within the device by total internal reflection (TIR). This trapped light is guided waves along the inside of the device until it reaches the edge where it is lost due to absorption or emission. Inkjet etching can be used to selectively alter the polymer layer of the OLED structure to lower the overall TIR and improve the out-coupling efficiency of OLEDs. Compared to the non-scratched polymer layers, the structured polymer layer in the OLED structure of the IJE process helps reduce OLED device TIR. IJE solvents are generally organic rather than water based because of their non-acidic properties and the ability to dissolve the material effectively at temperatures well below the boiling point of water. Transfer-printing is a new technology for assembling large numbers of parallel OLED and AMOLED devices efficiently. It takes advantage of standard metal deposition, photolithography, and etching to create common alignment marks on glass or other device substrates. A thin polymer adhesive coating is applied to increase resistance to particles and surface defects. Mikroskale IC is a transfer-print to the adhesive surface and then baked to fully cure the adhesive layer. An additional photosensitive polymer layer is applied to the substrate to explain the topography caused by the printed IC, reintroducing the flat surface. Photolithography and etching remove some polymer layers to reveal conductive pads on the IC. After that, the anode layer is applied to the backplane device to form the bottom electrode. The OLED layer is applied to the anode layer with conventional vapor deposition, and is covered with a conductive metal electrode layer. In 2011 the print-transfer was able to print to target media up to 500mm X 400mm. This size limit needs to be expanded for print-transfer to be a common process for manufacturing large OLED/AMOLED displays.

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Backplane TFT technology

For a high resolution view such as a TV, a TFT backplane is required to move the pixels correctly. Currently, low temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) - thin-film transistor (TFT) is used for commercial AMOLED displays. LTPS-TFT has a variation in performance in view, so various compensation circuits have been reported. Due to the limitations of the size of the excimer lasers used for LTPS, the size of AMOLED is limited. To overcome barriers associated with panel size, amorphous-silicon/microcrystalline-silicon backplays have been reported with large prototype demonstration screens.

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Benefits

OLED technology is used in commercial applications such as displays for mobile phones and portable digital media players, car radios and digital cameras, as well as lighting. Such portable screen applications support high-light OLED output for sunlight readability and low power drain. Portable displays are also used intermittently, so the lower lifespan of organic displays is less of a problem. Prototypes have been created from flexible and rollable displays that use unique OLED characteristics. Applications in flexible signs and lighting are also being developed. OLED lighting offers several advantages over LED lighting, such as higher-quality lighting, more diffuse light sources, and panel shapes. Philips Lighting has manufactured OLED lighting samples under the brand name "Lumiblade" available online and Novaled AG, based in Dresden, Germany, introduced an OLED table lamp line called "Victory" in September 2011.

Nokia introduced OLED phones including the N85 and N86 8MP, both featuring AMOLED displays. OLED has also been used in most Motorola and Samsung color phones, as well as some models of HTC, LG and Sony Ericsson. OLED technology can also be found in digital media players such as Creative ZEN V, clix iriver, Zune HD and Sony Walkman X Series.

Google Smartphones and HTC Nexus One include AMOLED screens, just like HTC Desire and Legend phones. However, due to the shortage of supply from Samsung-produced screens, certain HTC models will use Sony's SLCD screen in the future, while Google and Samsung Nexus S will use "Super Clear LCD" instead in some countries.

OLED display is used in watches made by Fossil (JR-9465) and Diesel (DZ-7086).

Other OLED panel manufacturers include Anwell Technologies Limited (Hong Kong), AU Optronics (Taiwan), Chimei Innolux Corporation (Taiwan), LG (Korea), and others.

In 2009, Shearwater Research introduced the Predator as the first color OLED rescue computer available with user-replaceable batteries.

DuPont stated in a press release in May 2010 that they can produce 50-inch OLED TVs in two minutes with new printing technology. If this can be improved in terms of manufacturing, then the total cost of OLED TV will be greatly reduced. DuPont also stated that OLED TVs made with this cheaper technology can last up to 15 years if left for eight hours a day.

Use of OLEDs may be subject to patents held by Universal Display Corporation, Eastman Kodak, DuPont, General Electric, Royal Philips Electronics, a number of universities and others. There are now thousands of patents related to OLED, both from big companies and smaller technology companies.

BlackBerry Limited, the maker of BlackBerry smartphones, uses an OLED screen on their BlackBerry 10 device.

Flexible OLED displays have been manufactured and these are used by manufacturers to create curved looks like the Galaxy S7 Edge but so far they have nothing on the device that consumers can bend. Regardless of the screen itself, circuit boards and batteries must be flexible. Samsung is demonstrating launch screen in 2016.

Mode

Textiles that combine OLEDs are an innovation in the fashion world and pose for how to integrate lighting to bring inert objects to an entirely new mode level. The hope is to combine the convenience and low cost property of textiles with OLED lighting and low energy consumption. Although this illuminated clothing scenario makes perfect sense, the challenge is still a block of roads. Some of the problems include: OLED lifetime, flexible foil substrate rigidness, and lack of research in manufacturing more fabrics such as photonic textiles.

Samsung Applications

In 2004, Samsung, South Korea's largest conglomerate, is the world's largest OLED producer, producing 40% of the world's OLED display, and in 2010 had a 98% share of the global AMOLED market. The company leads the OLED industry, generating $ 100.2 million from a total of $ 475 million in revenue in the global OLED market in 2006. In 2006, the company held more than 600 US patents and more than 2800 international patents, making it the largest. owner of AMOLED technology patent.

Samsung SDI announced in 2005 the largest OLED TV in the world at the time, at 21 inches (53 cm). OLED displays the highest resolution at the time, amounting to 6.22 million pixels. In addition, the company adopts an active matrix based technology for low power consumption and high resolution quality. This was exceeded in January 2008, when Samsung showed off the largest and thinnest OLED TV in the world at the time, at 31 inches (78 centimeters) and 4.3 mm.

In May 2008, Samsung launched an ultra-thin 12.1-inch (30 cm) OLED laptop concept display, with a resolution of 1,280ÃÆ'-768 with an unlimited contrast ratio. According to Woo Jong Lee, Vice President of Mobile Display Marketing Team at Samsung SDI, the company expects OLED screens to be used in notebook PCs as soon as 2010.

In October 2008, Samsung showcased the world's slimmest OLED display, as well as the first being "flappable" and can be bent. It measures just 0.05 mm (thinner than paper), but Samsung staff members say that "it is technically possible to make thinner panels". To achieve this thickness, Samsung carved an OLED panel that uses a normal glass substrate. The drive circuit is formed by a low temperature TFT polysilicon. Also, a low molecular organic EL material is used. The pixel count of the screen is 480 ÃÆ'â € "272. The contrast ratio is 100,000: 1, and the luminance is 200 cd/m ² . The color reproduction range is 100% of the NTSC standard.

That same month, Samsung launched what was then the world's largest OLED television in 40-inch resolution with Full HD pixels 1920 ÃÆ'â € "1080 . In FPD International, Samsung states that its 40-inch OLED Panel is probably the largest size possible today. The panel has a contrast ratio of 1,000,000: 1, color gamut of 107% NTSC, and luminance of 200 cd/m ² (peak lighting of 600 cd/m ² ).

At the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January 2010, Samsung demonstrated a laptop computer with a large transparent OLED display featuring up to 40% transparency and an animated OLED display in photo ID cards.

Samsung's latest AMOLED Smartphone uses their Super AMOLED trademark, with Samsung Wave S8500 and Samsung i9000 Galaxy S which was launched in June 2010. In January 2011 Samsung announced their Super AMOLED Plus display, which offers some advancements on the older Super AMOLED screen : real line matrix (50% more sub pixels), thinner form factor, brighter picture and 18% reduction in energy consumption.

At CES 2012, Samsung introduced the first 55 "TV screens using Super OLED technology.

On January 8, 2013, at CES Samsung unveiled the unique and curved 4K Ultra S9 OLED television, which they claim provides an "IMAX-like experience" for viewers.

On August 13, 2013, Samsung announced the availability of a 55-inch curved OLED TV (model KN55S9C) in the US at a price point of $ 8999.99.

On September 6, 2013, Samsung launched a 55-inch curved OLED TV (KE55S9C model) in the UK with John Lewis.

Samsung introduced the Galaxy Round smartphone in the Korean market in October 2013. The device has a 1080p screen, measuring 5.7 inches (14 cm), which curves on a vertical axis in a rounded box. Corporations have promoted the following advantages: A new feature called "Round Interaction" that allows users to view information by tilting the handset on a flat surface with a dead screen, and sensing a continuous transition when the user switches between home screens..

Sony App

Sony CLIÃÆ' â € ° PEG-VZ90 was released in 2004, becoming the first PDA featuring OLED display. Other Sony products for OLED display displays include the portable minidisc MZ-RH1 recorder, released in 2006 and the Walkman X Series.

At the 2007 Las Vegas Electronic Consumer Exhibition (CES), Sony exhibited 11-inch (28 cm, 960ÃÆ'â € "540) and 27-inch (68.5 cm) resolutions, full HD resolution at 1920 ÃÆ'â €" 1080 OLED TV model. Both claim a 1,000,000: 1 contrast ratio and a total thickness (including bezels) of 5 mm. In April 2007, Sony announced it will produce 1000 11-inch (28 cm) OLED TVs per month for market testing purposes. On October 1, 2007, Sony announced that the 11-inch (28 cm) model, now called XEL-1, will be released commercially; XEL-1 was first released in Japan in December 2007.

In May 2007, Sony openly launched 2.5-inch flexible OLED display video that is only 0.3 millimeters thick. At the 2008 Display show, Sony showed a 3.5 inch (9 cm) 0.2 mm thick screen with a resolution of 320ÃÆ'â € "200 pixels and a 0.3Ã,11 inch 11 inch (28 cm) screen with a resolution of 960ÃÆ' â €" 540 pixels, one-seventh thickness XEL-1.

In July 2008, a Japanese government agency said it would fund a joint project of a leading company, which developed key technologies to produce large, energy-efficient organic displays. The project involves one laboratory and 10 companies including Sony Corp. NEDO said the project aims to develop the core technology to mass-produce 40 inches or larger than OLED screens by the late 2010s.

In October 2008, Sony published the results of research conducted with Max Planck Institute over the possibilities of mass-market bending screens, which can replace rigid LCD and plasma displays. Finally, bendable and translucent displays can be stacked to produce 3D images with a much larger contrast ratio and viewing angle than existing products.

Sony exhibited a 24.5 "(62Ã,®) 3D television OLED prototype during the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2010.

In January 2011, Sony announced the PlayStation Vita handheld game console (PSP successor) will feature a 5-inch OLED display.

On February 17, 2011, Sony announced the OLED Professional Reference Monitor 25 "(63.5 cm) intended for Cinema and the High Drama Post Production market.

On June 25, 2012, Sony and Panasonic announced a joint venture to create low-cost mass-produced OLED televisions in 2013.

LG app

In 2010, LG Electronics produced one model of OLED television, 15 inches 15EL9500 and has announced 3D OLED television 31 inches (78 cm) for March 2011. On December 26, 2011, LG officially announced the world's largest OLED "55". panel "and display it at CES 2012. By the end of 2012, LG announced the launch of the 55EM9600 OLED television in Australia.

In January 2015, LG Display entered into a long-term agreement with Universal Display Corporation for the supply of OLED materials and the right to use a patented OLED emitter.

In 2017 the brand uses LG OLED panels including Panasonic, Sony, Toshiba, Philips and Loewe.

Mitsubishi Applications

Lumiotec is the first company in the world to develop and sell, since January 2011, OLED lighting panel is mass-produced with brightness and long life. Lumiotec is a joint venture of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, ROHM, Toppan Printing, and Mitsui & amp; Co On June 1, 2011, Mitsubishi installed a 6-meter 'scope' OLED at the Tokyo Science Museum.

Recom Group app/video name tag

On January 6, 2011, a Los Angeles-based technology company, Recom Group introduced the first OLED small-screen consumer app on the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. This is a 2.8 "(7 cm) OLED screen used as a usable video name tag.At Consumer Consumer Show in 2012, Recom Group introduced the world's first video mic flag that incorporates three 2.8" OLED screens (7 cm) on the standard. mic marker announcer. The mic video flag allows video content and advertisements to be displayed on the broadcaster's standard broadcast flag.

Automotive

But the number of automakers using OLED is still rare and limited to the upscale market. For example, Lexus RX 2010 displays an OLED display instead of a thin-film transistor (TFT-LCD) screen.

The Aston Martin DB9 incorporated the first automotive app from OLED screen, the PMOLED, followed by 2004-on the Jeep Grand Cherokee and Chevrolet Corvette C6.

Japanese manufacturer Pioneer Electronics manufactures the first car stereo with a monochrome OLED display.

Hyundai Sonata 2015 and Kia Soul EV use a 3.5 inch white PMOLED screen.

BMW plans to use OLEDs in tail lights and interior lights in their future cars; However, OLEDs are currently too dim to be used for brake lights, headlamps and indicators.

Dell

On January 6, 2016, Dell announced the Ultrasharp UP3017Q OLED monitor at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. This monitor was announced to feature a 30 "4K UHD OLED panel with a refresh rate of 120 Hz, 0.1 millisecond response time, and a contrast ratio of 400,000: 1. The monitor is set to sell for $ 4.999 and release in March, 2016, months later, as the end of March rolled out, the monitor was not released to the market and Dell did not talk about the reason for the delay. The report stated that Dell canceled the monitor because the company was dissatisfied with the picture.the quality of OLED panels, especially the number of colors displayed when you watched the monitor from On April 13, 2017, Dell finally released the UP3017Q OLED monitors to the market for $ 3,499 (less than $ 1,500 original oral price of $ 4,999 at CES 2016.) In addition to the price down, the monitor displays a 60 Hz refresh rate and a contrast ratio of 1,000. 000: 1. In June, 2017, the monitor is no longer available to purchase from Dell's website.

Apple

Apple started using OLED panels in its watches in 2015 and on its laptops in 2016 with the introduction of the OLED touchbar to the MacBook Pro. In 2017, Apple announces the introduction of the iPhone X to their 10 with an optimized OLED display from Universal Display Corporation.

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Canon's Canon Tokki Monopoly

The number of OLED manufacturers in the world today seems to guarantee a stable supply of OLEDs. However, this may not be the case because almost all manufacturers rely on fabrication equipment that is only produced by a company called Canon Tokki. This little company 343 - a Canon Inc unit and is located in the middle of rice fields in the Japanese countryside - reportedly has a close monopoly of a giant OLED-manufacturing vacuum machine capable of producing screens with organic light-emitting diodes. This special technology allows a sharp and vibrant display that uses less energy. Apple completely rely on Canon Tokki in an effort to introduce its own OLED display for iPhone released in 2017.

The technology itself is a closely guarded secret and it is said to have been developed by Teruhisa Tsugami's father, current CEO of Canon Tokki. The word tokki means "special equipment" or "special equipment." This machine is famous for its size of 100 meters and features a unique analog screen automatic OLED production process to create a specially made supercar rather than manufactured on the assembly line.

Canon Tokki technology monopoly can cause problems for its customers. The reason is that the company is only able to produce 10 units per year and currently has a growing backlog. The waiting time for each machine, which costs $ 85 million, is about two years. "We did everything we could to improve output and make it wait shorter," Tsugami said.

src: cnet3.cbsistatic.com

Research

In 2014, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (MCC), a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings developed OLED panels with a lifetime of 30,000 hours, doubled from conventional OLED panels.

The search for efficient OLED materials has been widely supported by simulation methods. It is now possible to calculate the computationally important properties completely, regardless of the experimental input. This allows pre-screening of materials that are cost-effective, prior to costly synthesis and experimental characterization.

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See also

• View technology comparison
• Field terrain view
• Flexible electronics
• List of emerging technologies
• Molecular electronics
• Organic light transistor transistors
• Electronic prints
• The screen can be scrolled
• Quantum dot view
• Roll-to-roll
• Electro-conductor electro-emitter display

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Further reading

• T. Tsujimura, OLED Display Fundamentals and Applications , Wiley-SID Series at Display Technology, New York (2017). ISBN: 978-1-119-18731-8.
• P. Chamorro-Posada, J. MartÃÆ'n-Gil, P. MartÃÆ'n-Ramos, L.M. Navas-Gracia, Fundamentos de la TecnologÃÆ'a OLED ( Fundamentals of OLED Technology ). University of Valladolid, Spain (2008). ISBN 978-84-936644-0-4. Available online, with permission from the author, on the web page: https://www.scribd.com/doc/13325893/Fundamentos-de-la-Tecnologia-OLED
• Kordt, Pascal; et al. (2015). "Modeling of Organic Light Transmitter Diodes: From Molecular to Device Properties". Advanced Functional Material . 25 (13): 1955-1971. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201403004.
• Shinar, Joseph (Ed.), Organic Light-Emitting Device: A Survey . NY: Springer-Verlag (2004). ISBNÃ, 0-387-95343-4.
• Singh Nalwa Day (Ed.), Handbook on Luminescence, Display Materials and Devices , Volume 1-3. American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles (2003). ISBNÃ, 1-58883-010-1. Volume 1: Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
• Singh Nalwa Day (Ed.), Electronic Handbook and Photonic Organic , Volume 1-3. American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles (2008). ISBNÃ, 1-58883-095-0.
• MÃÆ'¼llen, Klaus (Ed.), Organic Light Transmitters: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications . Wiley-VCH (2006). ISBN: 3-527-31218-8
• Yersin, Hartmut (Ed.), Highly Efficient OLED with Phosphorus Materials . Wiley-VCH (2007). ISBN: 3-527-40594-1
• Kho, Mu-Jeong, Javed, T., Mark, R., Maier, E., and David, C. (2008) 'Final Report: OLED Solid State Lighting - Kodak European Research' MOTI (Technology Management) and Innovation) Project, Judge Business School of the University of Cambridge and Kodak European Research, Final Report presented on March 4, 2008 at Kodak European Research at Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK., pages 1-12.

src: www.hometheatermag.com

References

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External links

• The structure and working principle of OLED and electroluminescent displays
• Tutorial on OLEDs working principle at Ghent University
• MIT introduction of OLED (video) technology
• Historical list of OLED products from 1996 to present

Source of the article : Wikipedia