Printing is the process for reproducing text and images using a primary form or template. The earliest non-paper products that involve printing include cylindrical seals and objects such as Cylinder Kores and Nabonidus Cylinders. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper is the originator of wood, which appeared in China before 220 AD The subsequent developments in printing technology include the moving type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 AD and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 21st century. 15. Printing technology played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the scientific revolution, and laid the material foundation for a modern knowledge-based economy and the dissemination of learning to the masses.
Video Printing
Histori
Pencetakan woodblock
Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns that are widely used throughout East Asia. It originated from China in ancient times as a method of printing on textiles and later on paper. As a method of printing on fabrics, the earliest surviving samples from China date before 220 A.D.
In East Asia
The remaining pieces of wood fragments from China are the earliest survivors. They are of silk printed with flowers in three colors from the Han Dynasty (before 220 A.). They are early examples of woodblock printing on paper that appeared in the mid-seventh century in China.
In the ninth century, printing on paper had been released, and the first full remaining printed book containing the date was the Diamond Sutra (English Library) of 868. In the tenth century, 400,000 copies of some silk and drawings were printed, and Confucian Classics were printed. A skilled printer can print up to 2,000 double-page pages per day.
Prints spread early to Korea and Japan, which also use Chinese logograms, but this technique is also used in Turpan and Vietnam using a number of other scripts. This technique then spread to Persia and Russia. This technique is transmitted to Europe through the Islamic world, and around the year 1400 has been used on paper to print old masters and playing cards. However, the Arabs never used this to print the Qur'an because of the limits imposed by Islamic doctrine.
In the Middle East
Block printing, called tarsh in Arabic, was developed in Arab Egypt during the ninth and tenth centuries, mostly for prayers and amulets. There is some evidence to suggest that this block is made of non-wood material, perhaps lead, tin, or clay. The techniques used are uncertain, and appear to have less influence outside the Muslim world. Although Europeans adopted the molding of logs from the Muslim world, initially for fabrics, the metal block printing technique remains unknown in Europe. Block printing was then not used in Central Asia Islam after moving type printing was introduced from China.
In Europe
Printing printing first came to Europe as a method for printing on fabrics, where it was common in 1300. Images printed on fabric for religious purposes can be very large and complicated. When paper becomes relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium is transferred very quickly to the religious images of small wood and playing cards printed on paper. This mold is produced in very large quantities from about 1425 onwards.
Around the middle of the fifteenth century, book-blocks, woodcut books with texts and drawings, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with this type of move. These are all short-drawing works, the best-selling book of the day, repeated in many different block-book versions: Ars moriendi and Biblia pauperum are the most common. There is still some controversy among scholars about whether their introduction was preceded or, majority view, following the introduction of the movable type, with an approximate date range between about 1440 and 1460.
Moving type printing
Moving type is a printing and typography system using moving metal chunks, made with casting from matrices struck by letterpunches. Movable type is allowed for a much more flexible process than hand copying or block printing.
Around 1040, the first known type of moving system known to have been invented in China by Bi Sheng of porcelain. Bi Sheng uses a clay type, which is easily broken, but Wang Zhen in 1298 has carved a more durable type of wood. He also developed an elaborate turntable and number-association system with Chinese characters that make letter composing and printing more efficient. However, the main method used there is still using woodblock printing (xylography), which "proves to be cheaper and more efficient to print Chinese, with thousands of characters".
The printing type copper originated in China in the early 12th century. It was used in printing large-scale banknotes issued by the Northern Song dynasty. This type of move spread to Korea during the Goryeo dynasty.
Around 1230, Korea invented a metal-type moving mold using bronze. The Jikji, published in 1377, is the earliest known metal printing book. Type-casting is used, adapted from the casting coin method. The character is cut in beech wood, which is then pressed into soft clay to form the mold, and the bronze is poured into the mold, and finally the type is polished. The Korean type of moving metal is described by French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as "very similar to Gutenberg's". This type of Eastern metal moved to spread to Europe between the late 14th and early 15th century.
Printing machine
Around the year 1450, Johannes Gutenberg introduced the first moving type printing system in Europe. He advanced innovations in foundry types based on matrix and handprints, adaptation to screw-press, the use of oil-based inks, and the creation of softer and more absorbent paper. Gutenberg was the first to create pieces of its kind from tin, lead, antimony, copper and bismuth - the same components still used today. Johannes Gutenberg began working on his printing press sometime around 1436, working with Andreas Dritzehen - whom he had previously instructed in gems - and Andreas Heilmann, the owner of a paper mill.
Compared with woodblock printing, page type settings are moving and printing using the press is faster and more durable. Also, the metal type pieces are stronger and the letters more uniform, which leads to typography and fonts. The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) sets the superiority of the moving type for Western languages. The printing press quickly spread across Europe, leading to the Renaissance, and then around the world.
Gutenberg's innovation in moving type printing has been called the most important invention of the second millennium.
Rotary printing machine
The rotary printing press was created by Richard March Hoe in 1843. It uses a curved impression around the cylinder to print on a continuous paper roll or other substrate. Rotary drum printing was later significantly enhanced by William Bullock.
Printing Capacity
This table lists the maximum number of pages that can be printed by various press designs per hour .
Maps Printing
Conventional printing technology
All printing processes relate to two types of areas in the final result:
- Image Area (printing field)
- Announce Area (non-print area)
Once the information is prepared for production (prepress step), each printing process has a definitive way to separate the image from the non-image area.
Conventional printing has four types of processes:
- Planography, where the printing and non-printing areas are on the same plane surface and the difference between the two is chemically maintained or by physical properties, for example: offset lithography, colotype, and screenless printing./li>
- Relief, where the printing area is on the surface of the plane and the non-printed area is below the surface, for example: flexography and letterpress.
- Intaglio, where the non-printed area is on the plane's surface and the printing area is engraved or engraved beneath the surface, for example: die steel engraving, gravure
- Porous, where the printing area is on a fine mesh screen where ink can penetrate, and the non-print area is a stencil on the screen to block the ink flow in the area, for example: screen printing, duplicator stencil.
Letterpress
Letterpress printing is a relief printing technique. A worker constructs and locks the movable type into a press bed, ink, and presses paper against it to transfer ink of the type that creates an impression on paper.
Letterpress printing was the normal form of the printed text of his invention by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-fifteenth century and remained widely used for books and other uses until the second half of the 20th century, when offset printing was developed. Recently, letterpress printing has seen a resurgence in artisanal form.
Offset
Offset printing is a widely used printing technique. The offset print is where inked images are transferred (or "offset") from the plate to the rubber blanket. Offset transfer transfers the image to the printing surface. When used in combination with lithographic processes, a process based on oil and water repulsion; offset technique using a flatter image carrier (planographic). Thus, the image to be printed obtains the ink from the ink rollers, while the non-printed area draws water film, keeping the ink-free non-print area.
Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using offset lithography techniques.
Gravure
gravure printing is an intaglio printing technique, in which the image being printed consists of a small basin on the surface of the platen. The cells are filled with ink, and the excess is scraped off the surface with a doctor's blade. Then the rubber-coated roll presses the paper to the surface of the plate and comes in contact with the ink inside the cell. Printed cylinders are usually made of copper-coated steel, which is then chromated, and can be produced by diamond engraving; etching, or laser ablation.
Gravure printing is used for high-quality, long-term printing, such as magazines, mail order catalogs, packaging and printing to fabrics and wallpapers. It is also used for printing stamps and decorative plastic laminates, such as a kitchen table.
Other print techniques
Other important printing techniques include:
- Flexography, used for packaging, labels, newspapers
- Printer sublimation dye Inkjet, usually used for printing a small number of books or packaging, and also for printing various materials: from high-quality paper that simulates offset printing, to floor tiles. Inkjet is also used to apply mailing addresses to redirect letter snippets
- Laser printing (toner printing) is primarily used in offices and for transactional printing (bills, bank documents). Laser printing is usually used by direct mail companies to create variable letters or vouchers.
- Pad printing, popular for its unusual ability to print on complex three-dimensional surfaces
- Help print, mainly used for catalogs
- Screen printing for applications ranging from T-shirts to floor tiles, and on uneven surfaces
- Intaglio, used primarily for high value documents such as currency.
- Thermal printing, popular in the 1990s for fax printing. Used today to print labels like airline baggage labels and individual price tags at deli supermarket counters.
Impact of German moving type printing machine
Quantitative Aspects
It is estimated that following Gutenberg's printing machine innovations, European book output increased from several million to about a billion copies in the span of less than four centuries.
Religious impact
Samuel Hartlib, who was exiled in England and enthusiastic about social and cultural reform, wrote in 1641 that "the art of printing will spread the knowledge that ordinary people, knowing their own rights and freedoms, will not be governed by oppression."
In the Muslim world, printing, especially in Arabic writings, was strongly opposed throughout the early modern period, although occasional printing in Hebrew or Armenian was permitted. Thus the printing of the first moving type in the Ottoman Empire was in Hebrew in 1493. According to an imperial ambassador to Istanbul in the mid-sixteenth century, it was a sin for the Turks to print religious books. In 1515, Sultan Selim I issued a decree in which the practice of printing would be put to death. At the end of the sixteenth century, Sultan Murad III allowed the sale of non-religious printed books in Arabic, but mostly imported from Italy. Ibrahim Muteferrika established the first press to print in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire, against opposition from calligraphers and part of the Ulama. It operated until 1742, resulting in a total of seventeen works, all of which were related to non-religious, utilitarian matters. Printing did not become common in the Islamic world until the 19th century.
Jews are prohibited from the German print union; as a result of Hebrew printing popping up in Italy, beginning in 1470 in Rome, then spreading to other cities including Bari, Pisa, Livorno, and Mantua. Local authorities have the authority to grant or revoke permission to publish Hebrew books, and many of those printed during this period carry the word 'con licenza de superiori' (indicating the printing of those who have been licensed by the censors) on their title page.
It is thought that the introduction of print media 'will strengthen religion and increase the power of kings.' Most books are religious, with churches and crowns that organize content. The consequence of printing 'wrong' material is extreme. Meyrowitz used the example of William Carter who in 1584 printed a pro-Catholic pamphlet in Protestant-dominated England. The consequences of his actions hang.
Social impact
Print provides a wider reader access to knowledge and enables the next generation to build directly on the intellectual achievements of the former without the changes that arise in the verbal tradition. Print, according to Acton in his lecture In the Study of History (1895), gives "the assurance that the Renaissance work will survive, that what is written will be accessible to everyone, that such an occultation of knowledge and ideas as the medieval depression will never be repeated, it is not an idea that will be lost. "
Print plays a role in changing the nature of reading in society.
Elizabeth Eisenstein identifies two long-term effects of printing invention. He claims that print creates a continuous and uniform reference for knowledge and allows for comparison between incompatible displays.
Asa Briggs and Peter Burke identified five types of readings developed in connection with print recognition:
- Critical reading: due to the fact that the text is finally accessible to the general population, critical reading appears because people are given the option to form their own opinions on the text
- Malicious Readings: Reading is viewed as a dangerous pursuit because it is considered rebellious and unfriendly especially in the case of women, because reading can evoke dangerous emotions like love and if women can read, they can read love notes
- Creative reading: printing enables people to read the text and interpret it creatively, often in a very different way from the author's
- Broad Reading: print allows a variety of texts to become available, therefore, previous methods to read the text intensely from beginning to end begin to change and with ready-to-read text, people start reading certain topics or chapters, allowing for more read extensively on a broader topic
- Personal reading: to be associated with the appearance of individualism because before it is printed, reading is often a group event, where one person will read to a group of people and by print, literacy goes up as does text availability, so reading becomes solitary pursuit
The invention of printing also changed the structure of the work of European cities. Printers emerged as a new group of literate craftsmen who were very important, although the more labor-intensive work of scribes naturally declined. Evidence comes as a new job, while the increase in the number of booksellers and librarians naturally follows the explosion in the number of books.
Education Impact
Gutenberg printing machine has a big impact on the university as well. Universities are influenced in "language scholarships, libraries, curriculum, [and] pedagogy"
Scholarship Language
Prior to the invention of the printing press, most written materials were written in Latin. However, after the discovery printed the number of printed books expanded as well as vernacular. Latin was not completely replaced, but remained an international language until the 18th century.
University Library
At this time, the university began to build the accompanying library. "Cambridge made the minister responsible for libraries in the fifteenth century but this position was abolished in 1570 and in 1577 Cambridge set up a new office of university librarians.Although, the University of Leuven did not see the need for university libraries based on the idea that the professor was a library. so many books of gifts and purchases that they began to run out of space. This problem was solved, however, by a man named Merton (1589) who decided the book should be stacked horizontally on the shelves.
Curriculum
The print press changed the university's library in many ways. The professor can finally compare the opinions of different authors rather than being forced to see only one or two particular authors. The textbook itself is also printed in varying degrees of difficulty, and not just one introductory text is available.
Comparison of printing methods
Digital printing
In 2005, Digital printing accounted for about 9% of the 45 trillion pages printed annually worldwide.
Printing at home, office, or engineering environment is divided into:
- small formats (up to sheets of paper ledger size), as used in business offices and libraries
- wide format (up to 3 'or 914mm wide paper roll), such as those used in drafting and design.
Some of the more common printing technologies are:
- blueprint - and related chemical technologies
- daisy wheel - where the characters that have been formed are applied individually
- dot-matrix - which produces a pattern of random dots with a series of printing buttons
- line printing - where the formed character is applied to the paper with the line
- heat transfer - such as an initial fax machine or a modern receipt printer that applies heat to a special paper, which becomes black to form a printed image
- inkjet - including bubble-jet, where ink is sprayed onto paper to create the desired image
- electrophotography - where toner is drawn to the charged image and then developed
- laser - a type of xerography where charged images are written pixel by pixel using a laser
- solid ink printer - where the ink cube is melted to make liquid ink or toner
Vendors usually emphasize the total cost of operating the equipment, involving complex calculations that cover all cost factors involved in operations as well as the cost of capital equipment, amortization, etc. For the most part, the toner system is more economical than inkjet in a long run run, although inkjet is cheaper in the initial purchase price.
Professional digital printing (using toner) primarily uses an electrical charge to transfer toner or liquid ink to the substrate to where it is printed. Digital print quality continues to increase from the initial color and black and white copier to sophisticated digital color presses such as Xerox iGen3, Kodak Nexpress, HP Indigo Digital Press series, and InfoPrint 5000. iGen3 and Nexpress use toner and indigo particles using liquid ink. The InfoPrint 5000 is a full-color and sustainable ink-drop-on-demand inkjet printing system. All handle variable data, and offset rivals in quality. Digital offset presses are also called direct imaging presses, although this push can accept computer files and automatically convert them into printed plates, they can not enter variable data.
Small press and fanzines generally use digital printing. Before the introduction of inexpensive photocopiers, the use of machines such as spirit markers, hectographs, and stencils were common.
3D Printing
3D printing is a form of manufacturing technology in which physical objects are made from three dimensional digital models using 3D printers. The objects are made by laying or building many layers of thin material in sequence. This technique is also known as manufacturing additives, rapid prototyping, or fabrication.
Gang run printing
Running printing is a method in which multiple printing projects are placed on a common sheet of paper in an effort to reduce printing costs and paper waste. Walking aisles are commonly used with sheet-fed printing and CMYK color work processes, requiring four separate dishes hung on a press plate cylinder. The printer uses the term "gang run" or "gang" to describe the practice of placing multiple print projects on the same big sheet. Basically, instead of running a postcard of 4 x 6 as an individual job, the printer will place 15 different postcards on a 20 x 18 sheet therefore by using the same amount of press time, the printer will get 15 jobs done in the amount more or less the same time as a job.
Electronic prints
Printed electronic goods is the manufacture of electronic devices using a standard printing process. Printed electronic technology can be manufactured with cheap materials such as paper or flexible film, which makes it a very cost-effective method of production. Since early 2010, the print electronics industry has gained momentum and several major companies, including Bemis Company and Illinois Tool Works have made investments in print electronics and industry associations including OE-A and FlexTech Alliance contributing greatly to the advancement of the print electronics industry.
Print terminology
In Gutenberg printing effect
Initial printer guide The classic guide of early hand press technology is
- Moxon, Joseph (1962) [1683-1684]. Herbert, Davies; Carter, Harry, ed. "Mechanick Training on the Entire Art of Printing" (reprint ed.). New York: Dover Publication.
- A little later, showing the development of the 18th century is
- Stower, Caleb (1965) [1808]. "The Printer's Grammar" (reprint ed.). London: Gregg Press.
External links
- Ã, "Print". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 22 (issue 11). 1911.
- Ã, "Print". New International Encyclopedia . 1905
- Prints & amp; People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, exhibit catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)
- Book History Center
- Children Code of Conduct - Online Video: DNA Science, Alphabet, and Printing
- Planet Typography - printing history - selection of international sites dedicated to printing history
- The American Printing Industry - national trade association for printers and companies in graphic arts
- Printwiki
- Book development and printing. English website from Gutenberg-Museum Mainz (Germany)
- UK Print Agency BPSnet
- Cultural Portal of Taiwan: Ri Xing Type Foundry - preserving original character of Chinese type
- Collection of printed materials from the 19th century - Documents printed by R. Mathison Jr., The Job Printer, in Vancouver, B.C. - UBC Library Digital Collection
- International Printing Museum, Carson, CA, Website
- Museum of Printing, Andover, MA, Website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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