A thesis or dissertation is a document that is submitted to support candidature for an academic degree or a professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings. In some contexts, the word "thesis" or cognitive language is used for part of a bachelor or master's program, while "dissertation" is usually applied to a doctor, while in another context, the opposite is true. The term passed the thesis is sometimes used to refer to a master's thesis and a doctoral dissertation.
The complexity or quality of research required from a thesis or dissertation may vary by country, university, or program, and the required minimum study period may vary significantly in duration.
The word "dissertation" can sometimes be used to describe a treatise irrespective of obtaining an academic degree. The term "thesis" is also used to refer to general claims of essays or similar works.
Video Thesis
Etimologi
The term "thesis" is derived from the Greek ????? , which means "something put forward", and refers to an intellectual proposition. "Dissertation" comes from the Latin dissert? Ti? , which means "path". Aristotle was the first philosopher to define the term thesis.
"A 'thesis' is an assumption of some distinguished philosophers contrary to popular opinion... to pay attention when ordinary people express views contrary to the general opinion of men would be ridiculous.
For Aristotle, a thesis would be assumed to be contrary to popular opinion or disagreement with other philosophers (104b33-35). The presumption is a statement or opinion that may or may not be true depending on the evidence and/or evidence offered (152b32). The purpose of this dissertation is to describe the evidence 'Why' the author disagrees with other philosophers or public opinion.
Maps Thesis
Presentation structure and style
Structure
A thesis (or dissertation) may be prepared as a thesis by publication or monograph, with or without attached paper, respectively, although many graduate programs allow candidates to submit curated collections of published papers. Ordinary monographs have a title page, an abstract, a table of contents, consisting of chapters (eg, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion), and bibliography or (more usually) reference sections. They differ in their structures according to various fields of study (art, humanities, social sciences, technology, science, etc.) and the differences between them. In a thesis by publication, chapters provide a comprehensive introduction and review of published and unpublished article documents.
The dissertation usually reports on a research project or study, or an extended analysis of a topic. The structure of the thesis or dissertation describes the objectives, previous research literature that influences the research topic, the method used and the project findings. Most universities of the world use several chapter formats: a) introduction, which introduces research topics, methodology, and scope and significance; b) review the literature, review the relevant literature and show how this has informed the research problem; c) methodology chapter, explaining how research has been designed and why research methods/population/data collection and analysis used have been selected; d) a finding chapter, which describes the research findings themselves; e) chapters of analysis and discussion, analyzing findings and discussing them in the context of literature review (this chapter is often divided into two - analysis and discussion); f) a conclusion.
Style
Degree agencies often define their own home styles that candidates must follow when composing a thesis document. In addition to the institutional style of the house, there are a number of special standards and recommendations for the field, national and international for the presentation of theses, eg ISO 7144. Other applicable international standards include ISO 2145 in part numbers, ISO 690 on bibliographic references, and ISO 31 or unit.
Some older home styles specify that the front material (title page, abstract, table of contents, etc.) uses a sequence of page numbers apart from the main text, using Roman numerals. Relevant international standards and many more recent style guides recognize that the design practice of this book can lead to confusion in which the electronic document viewers numbers all pages of documents continuously from the first page, independent of the printed page numbers. Therefore, they avoid the traditional separate sequence numbers for the front material and require a single sequence of Arabic numerals starting with 1 for the first printed page (rekto title page).
Presentation requirements, including pagination, layout, type and color of paper, the use of acid free paper (where a dissertation copy will be a permanent part of the library collection), paper size, component order, and citation style, will be checked page by page by the receiving officer before thesis accepted and receipt issued.
However, strict standards are not always necessary. Most Italian universities, for example, have only general terms about the size of characters and page formatting, and leave a lot of freedom for the real typography details.
Thesis Committee
A thesis or dissertation committee is a committee that oversees a student dissertation. In the US, these committees usually consist of a principal supervisor or adviser and two or more committee members, who oversee the progress of the dissertation and may also act as an examining committee, or jury, on an oral examination of the thesis (see below).
In most universities, committees are selected by students in conjunction with their primary counsel, usually after completing a comprehensive exam or prospectus meeting, and may comprise a member of the comp committee. The committee members are doctors in their field (whether PhD or other titles) and have the task of reading dissertations, making suggestions for change and improvement, and sitting in the defense. Sometimes, at least one member of the committee should be a professor in a different department of students.
Local level and level practices and terminology
ArgentinaIn Latin American doct, the academic dissertation may be referred to as a different stage within the academic program the student wishes to reach into a recognized University of Argentina, in all cases the student must develop an original contribution in fields selected through several paper works and essays that understand the body of the thesis . In line with the academic degree, the final phase of the academic thesis is called in Spanish a defensa de grado , magistral defensus or doctoral defensee in the case where the candidate the university is finishing its license, master, or PhD program. According to the resolution of the committee, the dissertation may be approved or rejected by an academic committee consisting of the director of the thesis, thesis coordinator, and at least one evaluator from another recognized university in which the student is pursuing his academic program. All dissertation disserters must have reached at least an academic degree to be achieved by the candidate.
Canada
In English-speaking Canadian universities, the writings presented in the requirements of undergraduate coursework are usually called papers , paper papers or . Longer paper or essays presented for completing a 4 year bachelor's degree are sometimes referred to as main papers . A high-quality research paper is presented as an empirical study of a successive "post graduate" degree with Honors Degree or Baccalaureatus Cum Honore called the Honors Seminar Thesis. The main paper presented as the final project for a master's degree is usually called thesis ; and the main papers that present the student's research toward a doctorate are called thesis or dissertation .
At Canadian universities under the French-influenced system, students may have the choice between presenting "mo moi ", which is a shorter synthetic work (about 75 pages) and a thÃÆ'Â ¨se a hundred pages or more. A synthetic monograph associated with a doctoral work is referred to as " thÃÆ'¨se ". See also thesis compilation. Either work can be given " mention d'honneur " (excellence) as a result of a decision by the examining committee, although this is rare.
A typical undergraduate or essay paper may be forty pages. Master's thesis is about one hundred pages long. PhD theses are usually over two hundred pages long. This may vary greatly with disciplines, programs, colleges, or universities. However, usually the minimum study period required depends mainly on the complexity or quality of the research requirements.
Theses Canada acquires and maintains a comprehensive collection of Canadian theses at the Canadian Library and Archives' (LAC) through partnerships with Canadian universities participating in the program.
Croatian
In most university faculties in Croatia, a degree is earned by defending the thesis after passing all the classes specified in the degree program. In the Bologna system, the undergraduate thesis, called zavr? Ni rad (literally "last job" or "finish work") is maintained after 3 years of study and about 30 pages. Most students with a bachelor's degree go to a master's program which ends with a master's thesis called diplomski rad (literally "diploma work" or "graduate work"). The term dissertation is used for doctoral degree papers ( doktorska disertacija ).
Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, higher education was completed by submitting all the remaining classes to the educational summary for a degree and defending the thesis. For this single bachelor program called willá? SkÃÆ'¡ prÃÆ'¡ce (undergraduate thesis), for a master's degree and also a medical doctor or dentistry is diplomovÃÆ'¡ prÃÆ'¡ce (master's thesis), and for the Doctor Philosophiae ( PhD.) Is a dissertation dizerta? nÃÆ' prÃÆ'¡ce . Thesis to be called Higher-Professional School (Vy ?? ÃÆ' odbornÃÆ'¡? Kola, VO?) Called absolventskÃÆ'¡ prÃÆ'¡ce .
Finnish
The following types of theses are used in Finland (names in Finnish/Swedish):
- Kandidaatintutkielma/kandidatavhandling is a dissertation related to a low-level academic degree (undergraduate degree), and in an applied science university.
- Pro pass (-tutkielma)/(avhandling) pro pass , colloquially referred to simply as 'pass', is a dissertation for a master's degree, which is the majority of degrees granted in Finland, and this is the most common type of thesis proposed in this country. The equivalent for engineering and architecture students is diplomityÃÆ'¶/diplomarbete .
- The highest level thesis is called lisensiaatintutkielma/licentiatavhandling and (tohtorin) vÃÆ'¤itÃÆ'¶skirja/doktorsavhandling , for diplateate and doctoral degrees, respectively.
French
In France, an academic dissertation or thesis is called thÃÆ'¨se and it is reserved for the final work of a doctoral candidate. The minimum page length is generally (and not formally) 100 pages (or about 400,000 characters), but is usually several times longer (except for technical theses and for "exact sciences" like physics and mathematics).
To complete a master's degree in research, a student is required to write a mÃÆ' Â © moire , a French equivalent to a master's thesis in another higher education system.
The word dissertation in French is provided for shorter (1,000-2,000 words), a more general academic treatise.
Defense is called soutenance .
German
In Germany, the academic thesis is called Abschlussarbeit or, more specifically, the basic name of the title comes with -arbeit (for example, Diplomarbeit , Masterarbeit , Doktorarbeit ). For bachelor and master's degrees, the name can alternatively be supplemented with -include instead (for example,
Length is often given in the number of pages and depends on the department, faculty, and field of study. A bachelor thesis is often 40-60 pages long, a diploma thesis and a master's thesis usually 60-100. The required filing for a doctoral degree is called Dissertation or Doktorarbeit . The submission for Habilitation, which is an academic qualification, not an academic degree, is called Habilitationsschrift , not Habilitationsarbeit . PhD by publication is becoming increasingly common in many areas of study.
Doctoral degrees are often obtained with some degree of Latin honorific pronunciation for thesis ranging from India
In India the defense of the thesis is called viva voce (Latin for "by live sound") check ( viva in short). Involved in viva are two testers and candidates. One examiner is an academic from the university department of the candidate himself (but not one of the candidate overseers) and the other is an external examiner from a different university.
In India, PG Qualifications such as MSc Physics accompany the submission of a dissertation in Part I and the Project submission (innovation working model) in Part II. Qualifying techniques such as BTech, B.E., MTech or M.E. also involves the submission of a dissertation. In all cases, the dissertation may be extended for a summer internship in a particular research and development organization or as well as a PhD synopsis.
Indonesia
In Indonesia, the term thesis is used specifically to refer to the master thesis. The undergraduate thesis is called thesis , while the doctoral dissertation is called dissertation . In general, these three terms are usually referred to as end task (final assignment), which is a must for degree completion. Undergraduate students typically begin writing their final assignments in the third, fourth, or fifth year of enrollment, depending on their disciplinary and university requirements. In some universities, students are required to write a thesis proposal or thesis proposal before they can write their final assignment. If the thesis proposal is deemed qualified by an academic examiner, students can then proceed to write their final assignment.
Italy
In Italy there are usually three types of theses. In order of complexity: one for Laurea (equivalent to a British Bachelor's degree), another for Laurea Magistrale (equivalent to a British Master's degree) and then a thesis to complete Dottorato at Ricerca (PhD). The thesis requirements vary greatly between degrees and disciplines, ranging from as low as 3-4 ECTS credits to over 30. The thesis task is mandatory for degree completion.
Malaysia
Malaysian universities often follow the British model for dissertations and degrees. However, some universities follow the United States model for theses and dissertations. Some state universities have British and US PhD programs. The branch campuses of British, Australian and Middle Eastern universities in Malaysia use each campus model home.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, at the undergraduate level the thesis is usually called the final year project, since it is completed in the senior year, the project name usually implies that the work done is less extensive than the thesis and also has a lower credit hour. Undergraduate projects are presented through elaborate written reports and presentations to counselors, faculty members and student councils. However, at the graduate level, in MS, some universities allow students to complete a 6 credit or 9th credits project, at least one publication is usually considered adequate for awarding a degree with the project and is considered mandatory for awarding a degree with a thesis. A written report and defense of a public thesis is mandatory, in the presence of a senior research board, composed of members from outside organizations or universities. A PhD candidate should complete extensive research work to meet the requirements of a dissertation with international publications into mandatory requirements. The defense of research work is done publicly.
Philippines
In the Philippines, academic theses are named by degrees, such as undergraduate/graduate thesis or master's thesis. However, in Filipino English, the term doctoral is usually replaced by doctoral (as in the case of a "doctoral dissertation"), although in the official documentation that was previously used. The terms thesis and dissertation are generally used interchangeably in everyday language but it is generally understood that a thesis refers to a bachelor/degree and mastering academic work while a dissertation is named for a doctoral job.
The Philippine system is influenced by the American college system, in which case it requires a research project to be submitted before being allowed to write a thesis. This is largely given as a prerequisite writing course for the actual thesis and completed in previous time periods; supervision is given by a professor assigned to the class. These will then be presented in front of the academic panel, often the entire faculty of the academic department, with their recommendations contributing to the acceptance, revision, or rejection of the initial topic. In addition, the presentation of a research project will help candidates choose their main thesis advisor.
A bachelor thesis is completed in the final year of a joint degree of an existing seminar (lecture) or laboratory course, and is often divided into two presentations: proposal and thesis presentation (though this varies in entire university), whereas a master's dissertation or doctoral dissertation is achieved in the last term only and is maintained once. In most universities, theses are required for degree dedication to candidates along with a number of units earned during their academic stay, although for practice and a skill-based degree, a practicum and report writing can be achieved instead. The examination board often consists of 3 to 5 testers, often university professors (with a Master or PhD degree) depending on the university exam rules. The required length of words, complexity, and contribution to scholarships varies greatly across universities in the country.
Polish
In Poland, a bachelor's degree usually requires praca licencjacka (undergraduate thesis) or the same level in engineering requires praca di? Ynierska (thesis thesis/bachelor of engineer), master's degree requires praca magisterska (master's thesis). The academic dissertation for PhD is called dysertacja or praca doktorska . Submissions for Habilitation are called praca habilitacyjna "or dysertacja habilitacyjna". So the term dysertacja is reserved for PhD and Habilitation. All theses must be "preserved" by the author during a special examination for a given degree. Exams for PhD and Habilitation are public.
Portugal and Brazil
In Portugal and Brazil, a dissertation (dissertaÃÆ'§ÃÆ' £ o ) is required to complete a master's or PhD degree. Defense is made in public presentations in which teachers, students, and the general public can participate. For PhD thesis ( tese ) is presented for defense in public exams. Trials usually last more than 3 hours. The examination board usually involves 5 to 6 graduates (including advisors) or other experts with a PhD degree (generally at least half of them must be external to the university where the candidate defends the thesis, but may depend on the University). Each university/faculty determines the length of these documents, but the number of pages is generally around 60-80 for MSc and 150-250 for PhD.
Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine
In Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Ukraine an academic dissertation or thesis is called what can literally be translated as "master's degree work" (thesis), while the word dissertation is reserved for the doctoral thesis (Candidate) of Science). To complete a master's degree, a student is required to write a thesis and to then defend the work openly. The length of the manuscript is usually given in the number of pages and depends on the educational institution, its departments, faculty, and subject areas
Slovenia
At a university in Slovenia, an academic thesis called diploma thesis is a prerequisite for completing undergraduate studies. This thesis is used for 40-60 pages, but has been reduced to 20-30 pages in the new Bologna process program. To complete the Master's study, a candidate must write a magistrsko delo (Master thesis) that is longer and more detailed than the undergraduate thesis. The required filing for a doctoral degree is called doktorska disertacija (doctoral dissertation). In the pre-Bologna program students are able to pass the preparation and presentation of Master's thesis and proceed directly to the doctorate.
Slovakia
In Slovakia, higher education is completed by defending the thesis, called the undergraduate thesis "going to prÃÆ'¡ca" for the bachelor program, master's thesis or "diplomovÃÆ'¡ prÃÆ'¡ca" for a master's degree, and also a doctorate medicine or dentistry and dissertation "dizerta? nÃÆ'¡ prÃÆ'¡ca" for Ph.D.
Swedish
In Sweden, there are different types of theses. Practices and definitions vary between fields but typically include a C /Bachelor thesis, which corresponds to 15 HP or 10 weeks of independent study, D thesis /'/Masters/one year master thesis , which corresponds to 15 HP or 10 weeks of independent study and a two-year master's thesis, which corresponds to 30 HP or 20 weeks of independent study. After that there are two types of post-graduate degrees, a dissertation License and a PhD dissertation. The license title is about "half PhD" in terms of size and scope of the thesis. The Swedish PhD studies must be in the last theory for four years, including course work and thesis, but since many PhD students also teach, PhDs often take longer to complete.
United Kingdom
Outside the academic community, the terms thesis and dissertation may be exchanged. In British universities, the term thesis is usually associated with a PhD/EngD (doctoral) and a research master's degree, while dissertation is a more general term for a large project proposed as part of a taught master's degree or a bachelor's degree (eg BA, BSc, BMus, BEd, BEng etc.).
The thesis word length may vary by faculty/department and is set by each university.
A variety of supervisory arrangements can be found in the English academy, from a single supervisor (more common for undergraduate and Masters work) to a supervisory team of up to three supervisors. In teams, there will often be a Director of Studies, usually someone with wider experience (perhaps after passing several successful oversight thresholds). Directors may engage with regular oversight along with other supervisors, or may have more oversight roles, with other supervisors taking on more day-to-day oversight responsibilities.
United States
In some US doctoral programs, "dissertations" can take a major part of the total time the student spends (along with two or three year classes), and may take years to complete a full-time job. In most universities, a dissertation is a term for the required submission for a doctorate, and the thesis only refers to the requirements of a master's degree.
Thesis is also used to describe cumulative projects for undergraduate degrees, and more generally in selective colleges and universities, or for those seeking admission to graduate school or for an honors academic degree. This is called "senior project" or "senior thesis;" they are generally done in the senior year near graduation after completing other courses, independent study periods, and the apprenticeship or teaching of the students (completion of most requirements before writing the paper ensures adequate knowledge and skills for the challenge). Unlike a master's dissertation or thesis, they are not very long, they do not need a new contribution to knowledge, or even a very narrow focus on a set of subtopics. Like them, they can be long and need months of work, they need supervision by at least one professor advisor, they should focus on a particular area of ​​knowledge, and they should use a decent amount of scientific quotations. They may or may not be defended before a committee, but usually not; generally there is no prior examination before the writing of papers, except in very few colleges. Because the nature of the thesis or postgraduate dissertation should be narrower and newer, the original research results, this usually has a smaller proportion of the work quoted from other sources, although the fact that they are longer may mean they still have a total quote.
Special undergraduate programs, especially intensive writing courses or courses taken by seniors, may also require one or more extensive written assignments called diverse such as thesis, essay, or paper. An increasing number of secondary schools require students to complete senior projects or senior theses on selected topics during the last year as a prerequisite for graduation. The extended essay component of the Baccalaureate International Diploma Program, offered in a growing number of American high schools, is another example of this trend.
In general, the dissertation is assessed whether or not it makes an original and unique contribution to the scholarship. Smaller projects (master's thesis, for example) are assessed by whether they show mastery of available scholarships in the presentation of an idea.
The complexity or quality of the research required of a thesis may vary significantly among universities or programs.
Thesis exam
One of the requirements for a certain advanced degree is often an oral examination (v.a. v.ce. v.ce) or just viva examination. This examination usually occurs after the dissertation is completed but before it is submitted to the university, and may consist of public (often public) presentations and questions raised by the examining committee or the jury. In North America, an initial oral examination in the area of ​​specialization may occur just before the student settles to work on the dissertation. Additional oral exams may occur after the dissertation is completed and is known as a thesis or dissertation " defense ", which at some universities may be a mere formality and in person others may result in students being asked to make significant revisions. In the UK and certain other English-speaking countries, the oral exam is called viva voce .
Inspection results
The results of the examination may be given immediately after consideration by the examiner (in which case the candidate may soon be considered to have accepted the title), or in the future, the examiner may prepare a defense report that is forwarded to the Council or the Graduate Studies Committee, which then officially recommends the candidate to a degree.
Potential decisions (or "decisions") include:
- Accept/pass without correction.
- This thesis is accepted as presented. A's can be awarded, although in many countries PhDs are not assessed at all, and in other countries, only one of the theoretical values ​​possible (highest) ever used in practice.
- This thesis should be revised.
- Revisions (e.g., correction of grammatical or spelling errors, clarification of concepts or methodology, addition of sections) are required. One or more members of the jury or thesis supervisor will make a decision on revision acceptance and provide written confirmation that they have been satisfactorily resolved. If, as is often the case, the required revisions are relatively simple, the testers may all sign the thesis with a verbal understanding that the candidate will review the revised thesis with his superiors before submitting the completed version.
- Extensive revisions are required.
- This thesis should be extensively revised and undergo the process of evaluation and defense again from the beginning with the same examiner. Problems may include theoretical or methodological issues. A candidate who is not recommended for a degree after a second defense usually should withdraw from the program.
- Unacceptable.
- This thesis is unacceptable and the candidate must withdraw from the program. This ruling is given only when the thesis requires a major revision and when the examination clearly states that the candidate is unable to make the revision.
In most North American institutions, the last two verdicts are very rare, for two reasons. First, to earn doctoral candidate status, graduate students usually write qualifying exams or comprehensive exams, which often include oral defense. Students who pass the qualification exam are considered able to complete the academic work independently and are allowed to continue by doing the dissertation. Secondly, since the thesis supervisor (and other members of the advisory committee) will usually review the thesis extensively before recommending students proceeding to the defense, such outcomes will be regarded as a major failure not only on the part of the candidate but also by the candidate's boss (who should recognize the quality standard dissertation long before the defense is allowed). Also quite rare for the thesis accepted without revision; the most common result of the defense is for testers to determine the small revisions (which are usually completed by candidates within days or weeks).
In the universities in the English pattern, it is not uncommon for the thesis at the viva stage to submit to the major revisions in which large rewrites are required, sometimes followed by the new viva. Very rarely, a thesis can be awarded a lower M.Phil (Master of Philosophy) degree instead, preventing a candidate re-submitting the thesis.
Australia
In Australia, the doctoral thesis is usually examined by three testers although some, such as the Catholic University of Australia and the University of New South Wales, have switched to using only two testers; without survival except in exceptionally rare exceptions. In the case of a master's degree by thesis research it is usually examined by only two testers. Usually one of these testers will come from within the candidate's department; others usually come from other universities and often from abroad. After the submission of the thesis, the copy is sent by letter to the examiner and then the report is sent back to the institution.
Similar to a master's degree by thesis research, the thesis for the research component of the master's degree by the course is also usually examined by two examiners, one from the candidate department and one from another university. For the Honors year, which is the fourth year in addition to the usual three-year undergraduate degree, this thesis is also examined by two testers, although both are usually from the candidate's own department. Honors and Master's thesis sometimes require oral defense before it is accepted.
German
In Germany, the thesis is usually examined by an oral examination. This applies to almost all diploma, master, master and doctoral degrees as well as most university degrees. However, the process that allows for the revision of a thesis is usually only implemented for a doctoral degree.
There are several types of oral exams used in practice. The Disputation , also called Verteidigung ("defense"), is usually public (at least for members of the university) and is focused on the topic of the thesis. On the contrary, Rigorosum is not held in public and also covers areas beside the thesis topic. The Rigorosum is only common for a doctorate. Another term for oral exams is Kolloquium , which usually refers to general scientific discussions and is often used synonymously with Verteidigung .
In each case, what is expected differs between the university and between faculties. Some universities also demand a combination of some of these forms.
Malaysia
Like the British model, PHD or MPhil students are required to submit their thesis or dissertation for examination by two or three examiners. The first tester came from the university concerned, the second tester came from another local university and the third tester came from a suitable foreign university (usually from Commonwealth countries). The choice of testers must be approved by the university senate. In some state universities, a PhD or MPhil candidate may also have to show a number of publications in an academic journal reviewed by colleagues as part of the requirements. An oral viva is done after the examiner has submitted their report to the university. Oral viva sessions were attended by the chairman of Viva Oral, a reporter with a PhD qualification, a first examiner, a second examiner and sometimes a third examiner.
The branch campuses of British, Australian and Middle Eastern universities in Malaysia use their respective campus models to check their PhD or MPhil candidates.
Philippines
In the Philippines, the thesis is followed by an oral defense. In most universities, this applies to all undergraduate, master, and doctoral degrees. However, an oral defense is held once per semester (usually in the middle or at the end) with a revised presentation (so-called "plenary presentation") at the end of each semester. Oral defense is usually not held in public for scholars and mastering oral defense, but the colloquium is held for doctoral degrees.
Portugal
In Portugal, the thesis is examined by an oral defense, which includes an initial presentation by the candidate followed by a broad question/answer period. The general duration for the total exam is 1 hour 30 minutes for MSc and 3 hours for PhD.
North America
In North America, thesis defense or oral defense is the final exam for a doctor candidate, and sometimes for a master candidate.
The examination committee usually consists of a thesis committee, usually a number of lecturers who are given primarily from a university student plus a primary supervisor, an external examiner (a person not connected to the university), and the chairman. Each member of the committee will be given a copy of the complete dissertation prior to the defense, and will be prepared to ask questions about the thesis itself and its subject. In many schools, the defense of the master's thesis is limited to examinees and examiners, but doctoral defense is open to the public.
A typical format will see the candidate giving a short presentation (20-40 minutes) of his research, followed by one to two hour questions.
In some US institutions, longer public lectures (known as "speech theses" or "thesis seminars") by the candidate will accompany the defense itself, in which case only candidates, examiners, and other faculty members can attend actual defenses.
Russia and Ukraine
A student in Ukraine or Russia must complete a thesis and then defend it in front of their department. Sometimes defense meetings consist of educational professionals and sometimes peer students are allowed to see or join. After presentation and thesis advocacy, the final conclusion of the department is that none of them has the content and quality of the thesis.
The conclusion of the thesis must be approved by the rector of the educational institution. This conclusion (final class so to speak) of the thesis can be maintained/debated not only in the thesis board, but also on every other thesis board of Russia or Ukraine.
Spanish
Diploma de estudios avanzados (DEA) can last for two years and candidates must complete lecture assignments and demonstrate their ability to research the specific topics they have learned. After completing this section of the PhD, students initiate a dissertation on a defined topic. The dissertation should reach the minimum length depending on the subject and assessed higher if it contains field research. After the candidate completes their written dissertation, they must present it before the committee. After this presentation, the testers will ask questions.
English, Irish and Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, the defense of the thesis is called viva voce (Latin for "directly sound" ) check ( viva for short). Usually viva lasts for approximately 3 hours, although there is no formal time limit. Involved in viva are two testers and candidates. Typically, one examiner is an academic from the university department of the candidate himself (but not one of the candidate overseers) and the other is an external examiner from a different university. Increasingly, the examination may involve a third academic, 'chair'; this person, from the candidate's institution, acts as an impartial observer with the supervision of the checking process to ensure that the examination is fair. 'Chair' does not ask academic questions from candidates.
In the UK, there are only two or at most three testers, and in many universities the examination is done in private. The candidate's main boss is not allowed to ask or answer questions during viva, and their presence is not necessary. However, some universities allow faculty or university members to attend. At the University of Oxford, for example, any member of the University may attend the viva DPhil (the University's rules require that details of the examination and its time and place be officially publicized beforehand) provided he attends in full academic attire.
Submission
Submission of a thesis is the last formal requirement for most students after the defense. At the end of the deadline, the student must submit a thorough copy of the thesis to the appropriate body within the receiving institution, along with the appropriate form, with the signature of the principal superior, the examiner, and, in some cases, the head of the student department. Other necessary forms may include library authorization (giving university library permission to make theses available as part of the collection) and copyright privileges (if students have included copyrighted material in the thesis). Many major scientific publishers (eg Taylor & Francis, Elsevier) use copyright agreements that allow authors to include articles they publish into dissertations without separate authorization.
Failure to submit thesis to the deadline may result in graduation (and title granting) postponed. In most US institutions, there will also be various fees (for binding, microfilming, copyright registration, and the like), to be paid before a degree is awarded.
After all the documents are in order, a copy of the thesis can be made available in one or more university libraries. Abstract service specialists are available to publish this content outside of the institution in which they are produced. Many institutions now demand the submission of digital and print copies of the thesis; Digital versions of successful theses are often available online.
See also
- Compile thesis
- Full checks
- Dissertations Abstracts
- Gray literature
- Postgraduate education
References
External links
- Dissertation article in LISWiki, Library science wiki
- en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ETD Guide Guide for electronic theses and dissertations on Wikibooks
- Digital Library Network from Thesis and Dissertation (NDLTD)
- EThOS Database Database English Doctor thesis is available through the British Library
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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