The label (which is different from the mark) is a piece of paper, plastic film, cloth, metal, or other material affixed to the container or product, which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or goods. Information printed directly on the container or article can also be considered a label.
Labels have many uses, including providing information about the origin of the product, the manufacturer (eg, brand name), use, shelf life and disposal, some or all of which may be governed by such laws for food in the UK or the United States.. The production methods and attachments on the packaging are numerous and varied and may also be subject to internationally recognized standards. In many countries, harmful products such as toxic or flammable liquids must have warning labels.
Video Label
Usage
Labels can be used for any combination of identification, information, warning, usage instructions, environmental suggestions, or advertisements. They may be stickers, permanent or temporary labels or printed packs.
Products
Identification of permanent products by labels is common; labels must remain secure throughout the life of the product. For example, VIN plates on cars should be resistant to heat, oil, and interference; Similarly, food labels must last until the food is used. Removable product labels need to be tied down until deleted. For example, the label on the new refrigerator has installation, use, and environmental information: labels should be clean and easy to remove from installed units.
Labels for food and beverages usually include important information relating to the content or ingredients used in a product, and may also call for certain allergic risks such as the presence of gluten or soy. The FDA also provides a standard for organizing the information provided on wine label and wine packaging and spirits. This label includes information such as brand name, class and title type, and alcohol content.
Packaging
The packaging may have labels attached to or integral with the package. This can bring pricing, barcodes, UPC identification, usage guides, addresses, ads, recipes, and so on. They may also be used to help refuse or indicate harassment or theft.
Assets
In industrial or military environments, asset labeling is used to clearly identify assets for maintenance and operational purposes. Such labels are often made of carved Traffolyte or similar material. They are usually tamper-clear, permanent or frangible and usually contain barcodes for electronic identification using the reader. For example, the US military uses the UID system for its assets.
Textile
Clothing usually carries a separate care/care label which, in some areas, is subject to the law. This label usually shows how items should be washed (eg, Machine washed vs. dry cleaning), whether bleach can be used. Textile labels can be knitted into garments or glued, and may be heat resistant (which can withstand in hot air dryers and when pressed), color fast (so not bleeding into garments), washable, leather or PVC/Plastic. Printed labels are an alternative to woven labels. Some layered furniture and mattresses have labels that are required by law, describing the contents of the stuffing.
Textiles containing pesticides as materials may also require government approval and mandatory labeling. In the US, for example, labels should specify the pesticide registration number, material statement, storage, and disposal information, and the following statement: "It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with the label". Labels including company name or identification number and material content list may also be required.
Mailing
Label letters identify recipients, senders, and other information that may be useful in transit. Many software packages such as word processors and contact manager programs produce standard mail labels from a set of data that conforms to postal standards. This label can also include routing barcodes and special handling requirements to speed up delivery.
Custom labels
- The notebook label is mainly used to identify the owner and the purpose of the notebook. Some information on the label may include the name, content, and start date. The
- Piggyback label is created from combining two layers of adhesive substrate. The bottom layer forms a backing for the top. Labels can be applied to any object as usual, the top layer can be a removable label that can be applied elsewhere, which can change the message or mark on the remaining label underneath. Often used on Express mail envelopes. Other apps include price change labels where when scanned at the checkout, the assistant can peel off the price reduction label and scan the original barcode that allows stock flow management. This label is also visible on renewal of magazine subscriptions, allowing customers to subscribe back to magazines with peeled and easily re-sent labels. In addition, since the label that is maintained is adhesive-free, it prevents customers re-applying a cheaper price tag to a premium product.
- Smart labels have an embedded RFID chip under the stock label. The
- Blockout label does not break at all, hiding what lies beneath it with strong gray glue. label
- Radioactive . The use of radioactive isotopes of chemical elements, such as carbon-14, to allow tracking of chemical compounds in vivo. The
- Laser or printer labels are generally cropped on 8.5 "x 11" (US) or A4 size sheets, and are available in various shapes, sizes, formats and material. Laser label material is a nonporous stock made to withstand intense heat from laser printers and copiers. Lack of laser labels are all sheets must be printed before labels are used; after the label is removed, the sheet can not be inserted into the printer without damaging the printing mechanism. Inkjet label material is a porous stock made to receive ink and dye from inkjet printers. One of the more modern inventory of inkjet label materials is the waterproof inkjet material commonly used for soap or bath gel containers.
- Security labels are used for anti-counterfeiting, brand protection, clear-seal seals and anti-theft seals. It combines a number of clear and secret features to make reproduction difficult. Use of security printing, holography, emboss, barcode, RFID chips, custom printing and weak (or weak) backing are common. They are used for authentication, theft reduction, and protection against counterfeiting and are commonly used on ID cards, credit cards, packaging, and products from CDs to electronics for clothing. label
- Antimicrobial . With the growth of hospital-acquired infections such as MRSA and E-Coli, the use of antimicrobial labels in hospital-sensitive areas helps in the fight against these types of microbes. label
- Fold , also known as a booklet , multi-page or extended label, or lablet (leaflet combined label). If the packet is not large enough for one label to carry all the required information, folding labels are often preferred to separate leaflets, which can easily be lost. These labels are often seen in agricultural chemicals and consumer medicines.
- Barcode labels Most labels produced today carry barcodes, whether for product identification, to be tracked in items like shipping packages, and on items that require authentication and brand protection. There are many different barcode formats found on labels, but one of the most common formats distributed is the International Article Number (EAN). This is the code used to identify retail products worldwide, and is found in almost all consumer-level packaging labels.
Maps Label
Stock type
The "stock" label is a carrier that is generally coated on one side with adhesive and printed on the other, and can be:
- Paper - various paper and paperboards can be used as labels
- Nonwoven fabrics - for extra durability
- Latex - lithographic stocks with some latex added allow the label to be more flexible and form around certain curved objects easier than standard paper;
- Plastics such as acetic, vinyl, and PET films enable features, such as strength, stiffness, transparency, and greater resilience to tear. They usually require special equipment and printing methods (ultra-violet curing is common) because they usually do not print well with conventional ink. Bumper stickers are usually vinyl labels with very strong, durable and fast ink adhesives. Embossing tape is "printed" by pressing a lifted element similar to the type of printing onto it, resulting in an increase in glyphs that look white due to plastic color changes. A type known as 'vinyl destructible' is commonly used for asset labels. It combines a very thin stock of face with a very strong high nail adhesive, making it impossible to remove labels without damaging them. Traffolyte multi-layer labels are often used in industrial situations because of their durability;
- Foil - Aluminum foil and vapor plastics films are often selected for bright reflective characteristics;
- Thermal - thermal label stock will instantly change color (usually black) when heated. Heating elements in the form of letters or images can be used to create images on labels. Custom labels can be easily created in locations this way. The disadvantage is endurance, as other heat sources can damage or blur the image, or may fade completely over time;
- Thermal transfer for applications that can not use thermal labeling material (direct thermal) due to proximity of heat source or short label life, more widely used materials are thermal transfer label printers. This material has the advantage of a life that can be read longer and does not fade with time or heat. Most thermal printer manufacturers can be used for thermal transfer label (TT) or thermal (DT). Thermal transfer ribbons are required to print labels. The cost of the TT label band is the same as the DT label itself;
- Thermal transfer thermal type :
- Candles are the most popular because they have some stain resistant, and are suitable for matte and semi-gloss paper labels;
- Stain-resistant wax and resin, suitable for semi-gloss paper and some synthetic labels;
- Resins are scratch resistant and chemical resistant, suitable for layered synthetic labels;
- None - labels can be printed directly on the adhesive without using the substrate. Labels made in this way are very fragile, and have been considered obsolete by other printing methods such as silk screens;
The type of stock will affect the type of ink that will be printed properly on them. Corona treats or flames treats some plastics making them more receptive to inks, coatings, and other substrates by reducing surface tension and increasing overall plastic adhesion.
An alternative labeling method is to weave the text directly into the fabric.
Attachments
Labels can be attached by:
- Heat-activated adhesives, for example, "labeling in molds" can be part of a blow molding container and use heat-activated adhesives. Hot liquid adhesives are also used.
- Pressure-sensitive adhesives (also called PSA or self-stick) are applied with light pressure without activation or heat. PSA labels often have release coatings that protect adhesives and help with label handling.
- Rivets are used to attach information plates to industrial equipment.
- Shrink wrap for shrinkable printed labels that are placed on top of the package and then heated to shrink them.
- Sew for fabrics like clothes, tents, mattresses, and industrial sacks.
- Wet garnish such as starch, dextrin, PVA or adhesive diluted with wettable water.
- Plastic yarns, yarns or ties, commonly referred to as swing tags.
- Static cling, where "stickers" have static charges that allow them to attach without adhesive to a smooth surface like glass.
Type of pressure sensitive adhesive
Pressure sensitive adhesive labels are generally made of water-based acrylic adhesives, with smaller volumes made using solvent-based adhesives and hotmelt adhesives. The most common adhesive types are:
- Permanent - Usually not designed to be removed without ripping off stock, damaging surfaces, or using solvents. The strength and speed of adhesion can also vary. For example, full adhesion can be almost instant, or labels can be almost released for a short time with full adhesion developing in minutes or hours (known as accountable adhesives).
- Peelable - Adhesion is strong enough and will not fall under normal circumstances, but the label can be removed relatively easily without tearing off the bottom stock or leaving the adhesive behind on the old surface. Adhesives are usually strong enough to be applied again elsewhere. This type is often known as 'removable'. There are many types of removable adhesives, some almost permanent, some almost 'ultra peelable'.
- Ultra-peelable - Designed primarily for use on book and glass covers, when removed this adhesive label leaves no residue. Adhesion is weak and is only suitable for light duty applications. Usually this label has very little adhesiveness to anything after it is removed.
- Freezers or frost fix - Most permanent and peelable adhesives have a service temperature limit of -10 degrees Celsius, while an adhesive freezer (or known as frost fix) has a service temperature of -40 degrees Celsius and is suitable for use of deep freeze.
- High spikes - A type of permanent adhesive that indicates a high initial battle to the surface of the app, and is generally used on higher layer weights to allow the label to adhere strongly to difficult, rough or dirty surfaces.
Apps
Labels may be provided separately or on rolls or sheets. Many labels were previously printed by the manufacturer. Others have printed applied manually or automatically at the time of the application. Special high-speed label-printing applicators can be used to apply labels to packages; these and other methods may be subject to recognized standards. Some labels have a protective layer, laminate, or ribbon to cover them after the final print is applied. This is sometimes before the app and sometimes after. Labels are often difficult to peel and apply. The label dispenser can speed up this task.
Usability
Aspects like readability, literacy, and interpretation come into play for label users, and label authors therefore require some professional writing skills. Depending on the country or region, international standards can be applied. Where literacy can be a problem, pictograms can be displayed alongside text, as CropLife International puts it in their Responsible Usage manual. Printed labels or packs may include Braille to help blind users.
Criticism of label legibility is not uncommon; for example, Canadian researchers found that drug labels did not consistently follow the legibility guidelines. In some countries and industries, such as the English label (food) and EU (drugs) guidelines are not legally binding (the latter uses phrases like "The size of the type should be as large as possible to help the reader..." ) and thus have no legal force. On the other hand, countries may set legal minimum for readings, such as the United States FDA on nutritional information and Australian/New Zealand codes for food labels and packaging.
Environmental considerations
Labels may affect the environment during manufacture, use, and post-use. The choice of backing, coating, adhesive, and liner can be a powerful factor. Environmental rules and guidelines can come from many sources. Users of labels on packaging may consider some continuous packaging guidelines. Based on the solid waste hierarchy, the quantity and size of the label should be minimized without reducing the required functionality. The contents of label material must comply with applicable regulations. The lifecycle assessment of the labeled item and the label itself is useful for identifying and increasing the likelihood of environmental effects. For example, reuse or recycling is sometimes aided by a label released from the surface.
If labels remain on items during recycling, labels should be selected that do not hinder recycling of goods. For example, when the corrugated box label is recycled, the wet strength paper label does not preclude recycling of the box: the PSA adhesive stays with the retaining and is easily removed. Backing paper without wet strength can release the adhesive, potentially contaminating the recycling effort. Labels can help in recycling and reuse by communicating material content from items, directions for disassembling or recycling directions. An eco-label is used in consumer products (including food) to identify products that may be less harmful to the environment and/or people than other related products, such as sustainable seafood driven by Friend of the Sea.
Other aspects
Color
The choice of ink colors and basic stock generally match the color of Pantone Matching System (PMS). Pantone system is very dominant in label printing industry. In addition special inks such as metals, UV inks, magnetic inks, and more are available. Ink is usually transparent but can be blurred. Certain companies have been known to patent their "own" colors. Digital labels use process colors to replicate solid Pantone colors.
Collectibility
Collecting labels is a worldwide phenomenon, from labels used on matchboxes and groceries (eg, cheese), wine, to printed packets. Collectors are interested in labels both for their influence on artistic design and retail history.
See also
- The nameplate
- Packaging and labeling
- Pressure-sensitive tape
- Stickers
- Swing tag
- Topflight Corporations
References
Further reading
- Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & amp; Children, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
- Holkham, T., Writing and Planning Labels - A guide to good customer communication , Chapman & amp; Hall 1995, ISBN 0-7514-0361-X
- ASTM D7932 Standard Specification for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Label Printed for Use in Extreme Distribution Environments
External links
- Boston Public Library, USA. Produce Label Crates, ca. pre-1950
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments