There are three categories of paper that can be used as raw material for making recycled paper: cracked plants, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste. Mill broke is a paper ornament and other paper scrap from papermaking, and is recycled in paper mills. Pre-consumer waste is the material that leaves the paper mill but discarded before it is ready for consumer use. Post-consumer waste is the material discarded after use by consumers, such as old corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, and newspapers. Paper that is suitable for recycling is called "waste paper", often used to produce packaged slurry. The industrial process for removing printing ink from paper fibers from recycled paper to make a pulp called deinking, the discovery of the German legal expert Justus Claproth.
Video Paper recycling
Process
The process of recycling used paper most often involves mixing of old/used paper with water and chemicals to break it down. It is then chopped and heated, which breaks it further into cellulose strands, a kind of organic plant material; the resulting mixture is called a slurry, or a slurry. It is filtered through the screen, removing any glue or plastic (especially from plastic-coated paper) that may still be in the mixture and then cleaned, removed ink, bleached, and mixed with water. Then it can be made into new recycled paper.
The ink portion is in the stock of waste paper up to about 2% of the total weight. Edgar
Maps Paper recycling
Rationale for recycling
Industrial paper making has an effect on the environment both upstream (where raw materials are obtained and processed) and downstream (the impact of waste disposal).
Today, 40% of pulp is made from wood (in the most modern plant only 9-16% pulp is made from pulp, the rest comes from traditionally burned wood waste). Paper production accounts for about 35% of the felled trees, and represents 1.2% of the world's total economic output. Recycling a ton of newsprint saves about 1 ton of wood while recycling 1 ton of printed paper or copiers saves a little over 2 tonnes of wood. This is because kraft pulping requires twice as much wood as it removes lignin to produce higher quality fibers than the mechanical stripping process. Connecting tons of recycled paper to the number of trees that are not cut is meaningless, as tree size varies greatly and is a major factor of how much paper can be made from how many trees. Specially raised trees for pulp production account for 16% of world pulp production, 9% growth forests and second and third forests and more as part of the balance sheet. Most pulp mill operators practice reforestation to ensure a sustainable supply of trees. The Program for Certification of Forest (PEFC) and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certifies paper made from harvested trees in accordance with guidelines intended to ensure good forestry practices. It is estimated that recycling half the world's paper will avoid harvesting 20 million acres (81,000 km²) from the forest.
Energy
Energy consumption is reduced by recycling, although there is a debate about actual energy savings being realized. The Energy Information Administration claims a 40% reduction in energy when the paper is recycled compared to paper made with non-recycled pulp, while the International Recycling Bureau claims a 64% reduction. Some calculations show that recycling a ton of newspapers saves about 4,000 kWh (14 GJ) of electricity, although this may be too high (see below comment on unrecycleed pulp). This is enough electricity to move a 3-bedroom European house for a whole year, or enough energy to heat and condition the average home in North America for nearly six months. The recycled paper for making porridge actually consumes more fossil fuels than making new pulp through the kraft process; these factories produce most of their energy from burning wood waste (bark, root, sawmill) and lignin byproducts (black liquor). Pulp mills producing new mechanical pulps use enormous amounts of energy; a very rough estimate of the required electrical energy is 10 gigajoules per ton of pulp (2500 kW Â · h per short tonne).
Landfill use
About 35% of urban solid waste (before recycling) in the United States by weight is paper and paper products. 42.4% of which is recycled.
Water and air pollution
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found that recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper. Pulp mills can be a source of air and water pollution, especially if they produce bleached pulp. Modern factories produce far less pollution than many decades ago. Paper recycling reduces the demand for virgin pulp, thereby reducing the overall amount of air and water pollution associated with paper making. Recycled pulp can be bleached with the same chemicals used to whiten virgin pulp, but hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydrosulfite are the most common bleach ingredients. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known as PCF (free chlorine process) if no chlorine-containing compound is used in the recycling process. However, recycling plants may contaminate by-products such as mud. De-inking at the Miami, Ohio plant at Cross Pointe produces a weight of 22% of the weight of the recycled waste.
Recycle facts and numbers
In the mid-19th century, there was an increase in demand for books and writing materials. Until then, paper manufacturers have used linen cloths that are thrown for paper, but the supply can not meet the increasing demand. Books purchased at auction for the purpose of recycling fiber content to new papers, at least in the UK, at the beginning of the 19th century.
Internationally, about half of all paper taken originates from altering losses (recycled pre-consumer), such as shavings and unsold data periodically; about one-third came from household or post-consumer waste.
Some statistics about paper consumption:
- In 1996, it was estimated that 95% of business information was still stored on paper.
- Recycling 1 ton short (0.91 sec) paper saves 17 mature trees, 7 thousand US gallons (26 m 3 ) water, 3 cubic yards (2.3 m 3 ) landfill space, 2 barrels of oil (84 gallons US or 320 l), and 4,100 kilowatt-hours (15 GJ) of electricity - enough energy to drive the average American home for six months.
- Although papers are traditionally identified by reading and writing, communication has now been replaced by packaging as the largest category of paper use on 41% of all paper used.
- 115 billion pieces of paper are used annually for personal computers. Average web users print 16 pages daily.
- Most fiberboard boxes have more than 25% recycled fiber. Some 100% recycled fiber.
- In 1997, 299,044 metric tons of paper were produced (including paperboard).
- In the United States, the average paper consumption per person in 1999 was about 354 kilograms. It will be the same consumption for 6 people in Asia or 30 people in Africa.
- In 2006-2007, Australia, 5.5 million tons of paper and cardboard were used with this 2.5 million tons of recyclables.
- Newspapers produced in Australia have 40% recycled content.
By region
European Union
Recycled paper in Europe has a long history. The industry-independent European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC) initiative was established in 2000 to monitor progress in meeting the paper recycling targets set out in the 2000 European Declaration on Paper Recycling. Since then, commitments in the Declaration have been updated every five years. In 2011, ERPC is committed to meeting and maintaining a 70% voluntary recycling target on E-27 plus Switzerland and Norway in 2015 as well as qualitative targets in areas such as waste prevention, ecodesign and research and development. By 2014 the paper recycling rate in Europe is 71.7%, as stated in the 2014 Monitoring Report.
Japanese
A collection of municipal paper for recycling is readily available. However, according to the Yomiuri Shimbun , in 2008, eight paper manufacturers in Japan have admitted to deliberately mislabeling recycled paper products, exaggerating the amount of recycled paper used.
United States
Recycling has long been practiced in the United States. In 2012, paper and paperboard accounted for 68 million tonnes of urban solid waste generated in the US, down from more than 87 million tonnes in 2000, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. While paper is the most common recycled material - 64.6 percent have been discovered in 2012 - this paper is used entirely less than at the turn of the century. Paper accounts for more than half of all recycled items collected in the US, by weight.
The history of paper recycling has several important dates:
- In 1690: The first paper mill using recycled linen was set up by the Rittenhouse family.
- In 1896: The first major recycling center was started by the Benedetto family in New York City, where they collected cloth, newspapers, and garbage with wheelbarrows.
- In 1993: The first year when more paper was recycled than buried in landfill.
Today, more than half of all paper used in the United States is collected and recycled. Paper products are still the largest municipal solid waste component, comprising more than 40% of the composition of landfills. In 2006, a record 53.4% ​​of US paper (53.5 million tonnes) was recovered, up from a recovery rate of 1990 at 33.5%. The US paper industry set a goal to recover 55 percent of all paper used in the US by 2012. Paper products used by the packaging industry are responsible for about 77% of recycled packaging materials, with more than 24 million pounds recovered in 2005.
In 1998, approximately 9,000 curbside recycling programs and 12,000 recyclable downtown centers were available nationwide. In 1999, 480 material recovery facilities have been established to process the collected material. Recently, junk mail has become a larger part of the entire recycling stream, compared to newspapers or personal letters. However, the increase in junk mail is still smaller than the decrease in paper use from these sources.
In 2008, the global financial crisis caused the price of old newspapers to fall in the US from $ 130 to $ 40 per ton short ($ 140/t to $ 45/t) in October.
Mexico
In Mexico, recycled paper, rather than wood pulp, is the main raw material in papermills that accounts for about 75% of the raw material.
Limitations and impact
Along with fiber, the paper can contain a variety of inorganic and organic constituents, including up to 10,000 different chemicals, potentially contaminating newly manufactured paper products. For example, bisphenol A (a chemical commonly found in thermal paper) has been verified as a contaminant in various paper products resulting from paper recycling. Furthermore, groups of chemicals such as phthalates, phenols, mineral oils, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and toxic metals have all been identified in paper materials. Although some measures can reduce the chemical burden on paper recycling (eg, improved decontamination, optimized paper collection for recycling), even stopping the use of certain chemicals (phase-out) may still produce circulation in the paper cycle for decades.
See also
References
This article incorporates public domain material from a United States Government document "https://web.archive.org/web/20060308134427/http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/recycle.htm".
External links
- Recycle paper in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- US. Environmental Protection Agency: Paper and Cardboard Products
- How to Make Recycle Paper - Tutorial for creating your own recycled paper
- Waste Paper Recycling - How Does Paper Recycling Work?
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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