The pen is a general writing instrument used to apply ink to the surface, usually paper, for writing or drawing. Historically, the reed pen, the quill, and the dye were used, with a pen dipped in ink. The powerful pen allows for the correct adjustment of line width, and still finds some special uses, but technical pens like Rapidograph are more commonly used. Modern types include ballpoint, rollerball, fountain, and felt or ceramic pen tip.
Video Pen
Jenis
Modern
The main modern type of pen can be categorized by type of writing or point on the pen:
- A bolpint distributes oil-based ink by rolling a small hard ball, usually from 0.5 to 1.2 mm and made of brass, steel, or tungsten carbide. The ink dries immediately when in contact with the paper. The pens are usually reliable and available in cheap and expensive types. It has replaced the pen as the most common tool for writing everyday. (There are certain ballpoint pens that combine multiple colors in one barrel, the writer or artist can hit the end with the desired color.)
- The pen rollerball dispenses water-based liquids or gel inks through the end of a ball similar to a ballpoint pen. Less viscous inks are more easily absorbed by paper than oil-based inks, and pens move more easily on the writing surface. The rollerball pen was originally designed to combine the comfort of a ballpoint pen with the delicate wet ink effect of a pen. Ink gels are available in a variety of colors, including metallic paint colors, glitter effects, neon, blurred effects, saturated colors, pastel tones, vibrant feel, shade, invisible ink, translucent effects, glossy colors and deep light - the-dark effects.
- The pen pen uses water-based liquid ink sent via nib . Ink flows from the reservoir through the "feed" to the nib, then through the nib, due to capillary action and gravity. Nib has no moving parts and gives ink through a thin gap to the writing surface. Fountain containers can be refilled or disposable; Disposable types are called ink cartridges cartridge converter , is available for some pens that use disposable cartridges. The pen can be used with permanent or non-permanent ink.
- The felt-tip pen , or marker, has fibrous ends of fibrous material. The smallest and most end felt-tip pens are used for writing on paper. Tipping tips are often used by children to color and draw. Larger types, often called "markers", are used for writing in larger sizes, often on other surfaces such as corrugated boxes, blackboards and for blackboards, often called "liquid chalk" or "whiteboard markers". Wide end markers and bright but transparent inks, called highlighter , are used to highlight text that has been written or printed. Pens designed for children or for temporary writing (such as with a blackboard or projector) usually use non-permanent ink. Large markers used to label case mailing or other packages are usually permanent markers.
- The gel pen uses ink where pigments are suspended in water-based gel. Because the ink is thick and opaque, the ink will appear more clearly on a dark or slippery surface than the usual ink used on ballpoint pen or felt felt. Gel pens can be used for many types of writing and illustrations.
- Stylus marker , styli or plural stylus, is a stationery or small tool for some form of marking or other formation, for example, in pottery. It could also be a computer accessory used to aid in navigating or providing more precision while using the touch screen. Usually refers to long-length staff, similar to modern ballpoint pens. The pens contain the tip of the ballpoint at one end and this is a kind of touch screen stylus on the other side.
Historic
This historic pen type is no longer generally used as a writing tool, but can be used by calligraphers and other artists:
- The pen dye (or pen pen ) consists of a metal end with a capillary channel, such as a pen, mounted on a handle or handle, often made of wood. The dye usually does not have an ink reservoir and must be replenished repeatedly with ink during drawing or writing. Dye pens have certain advantages over the pen. Can use water-resistant pigmented (water-based particles and binders) inks, such as the Indian ink , ink drawing, or acrylic ink, which will smash the pen by clogging, as well as traditional cast iron ink, which can causing corrosion in the pen. The dye is now widely used in illustrations, calligraphy, and comics. The very fine dip pen type known as crowquill is a favorite instrument of artists, such as David Stone Martin and Jay Lynch, because its flexible metal dots can create fine lines, textures and tones with less pressure when drawing.
- Brush ink is a traditional stationery in East Asian calligraphy. The brush body can be made of bamboo, or rarer materials such as red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver, and gold. Brush heads can be made of hair (or feathers) of various types of animals, including weasels, rabbits, deer, chickens, ducks, goats, pigs, tigers, etc. There is also a tradition in China. and Japan make a brush using newborn baby hair, as a lifetime souvenir for children. This practice is associated with the legend of an ancient Chinese scholar who scored first in the Imperial examination using a personalized brush. Calligraphic brushes are widely regarded as an extension of calligraphy arms. Today, calligraphy can also be done using a pen, but pen calligraphy does not enjoy the same prestige as traditional brush calligraphy.
- A pen is a pen made out of bird feathers, most often a goose. Thorns are used as a tool for writing with ink before pen dip metal, pens, and finally pens start to use. The quill was used in the Middle Ages to write on parchment or paper. The quill finally replaced the reed pen.
- The pen reeds are cut from reeds or bamboo, with a crack in the narrow end. The mechanism is essentially similar to a quill pen. Reed pens almost disappear but are still used by middle school students in parts of India and Pakistan, who learn to write with them on a small wooden board known as "Takhti".
Maps Pen
History
The Ancient Egyptians have developed a writing on papyrus scrolls when the scribe used a thin reed brush or a reed pen from Juncus maritimus or sea fever. In his book A History of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer points out that based on the findings in Saqqara, the reed pen may have been used to write on parchments long ago as the First Dynasty or about 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to be used until the Middle Ages, but were slowly replaced by thorns from around the 7th century. Reed pens, commonly made of bamboo, are still used in some parts of Pakistan by young students and used to write on small wooden planks.
The reed pen survives until the papyrus is replaced as a writing surface by animal skin, vellum and parchment. Smoother skin surface allows smoother, smaller writing with a quill of chicken, derived from flight feathers. The chicken feathers were used in Qumran, Judea to write some of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which date back to about 100 BC. The scrolls are written in Hebrew dialect with bird feathers or feathers. There are specific references to thorns in the writings of St. Isidore in Seville in the 7th century. The quill pen was still widely used in the 18th century, and was used to write and sign the US Constitution in 1787.
A copper nib was found in the ruins of Pompeii, indicating that metal nibs were used in 79 years. There is also a reference to 'silver pen to bring ink in', in Samuel Pepys 'diary for August 1663.' Newly discovered 'Metal pen was advertised in The Times in 1792. The point of a metal pen was patented in 1803, but the patent was not exploited commercially. Patents for the manufacture of metal pens were advertised for sale by Bryan Donkin in 1811. John Mitchell of Birmingham began mass-producing pens with metal nibs in 1822, and after that, the quality of the steel grain was sufficiently increased that dipping pens with metal nibs began to be used generally.
The earliest historical record of a pen with a reservoir dates from the 10th century AD. In 953, Ma'al al-Mu'izz, the Egyptian Fatimid Caliph, asked for a pen that would not tarnish his hands or clothes, and was given a pen containing ink in the reservoir and sent it to the pen. This pen may be a pen, but the mechanism is still unknown, and only one note has been found. The penanyam was later developed in 1636. In his book Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae (1636), German inventor Daniel Schwenter described a pen made from two thorns. One pen is used as a reservoir for ink in other quill pens. The ink is sealed in a pen with a cork. Ink is squeezed through a small hole to the point of writing. In 1809, Bartholomew Folsch received a patent in England for a pen with an ink container.
When a student in Paris, Romania Petrache Poenaru found a pen, patented by the French Government in May 1827. Pen and pen production then increased in the 1850s.
The first patent on a pen was issued on October 30, 1888, for John J Loud. In 1938, LÃÆ'¡szlÃÆ'³ BÃÆ'rÃÆ'³, editor of the Hungarian newspaper, with the help of his brother George, a chemist, began designing a new type of pen, including one with a small ball at the end that was free to hand over the socket. As the pen moves along the paper, the ball spins, taking ink from the ink cartridge and leaving it on paper. BÃÆ'rÃÆ'³ filed a British patent on June 15, 1938. In 1940, the brothers BÃÆ'rÃÆ' and and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to Argentina, fleeing Nazi Germany. On June 10 they filed another patent, and formed the "BÃÆ'rÃÆ'³ Pens of Argentina". In the summer of 1943, the first commercial model was available. The erasable ballpoint pen was introduced by Papermate in 1979 when Erasermate was put on the market.
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, an engineer and inventor of the Dutch-Dutch Croatian from the Croatian-Slavonic Kingdom in Austria-Hungary, became famous for the further development of mechanical pencil (1906) - later called "automatic pencil" - and the first solid ink pen (1907 ). Collaborating with a businessman by the name of Edmund Moster, he started the Moster-scale Company and built a pen and pencil factory that was one of the largest in the world at the time. This company, now called TOZ-Penkala , still exists today. "TOZ" stands for " Tvornica olovaka Zagreb ", which means "Zagreb Pencil Factory".
In the 1960s, a fiber pen or felt-tipped was created by Yukio Horie from Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan. Flair Paper Mate was one of the first felt-tip pens to enter the US market in the 1960s, and has since been a leader. The marker pen and the highlight, both similar to the perceived pen, have become popular in the present.
Rollerball pens were introduced in the early 1970s. They use mobile balls and liquid ink to produce smoother lines. Technological advances during the late 1980s and early 1990s have improved the overall performance of the roller ball. The porous point of the pen contains a point made of several porous materials such as felt or ceramic. High quality drafting pens usually have ceramic tiles, because they can be worn well and do not expand when pressure is applied when writing.
Although the invention of typewriters and personal computers with keyboard input methods has offered another way of writing, pens are still the primary means of writing. Many people like to use expensive types and brands of pens, including pens, and these are sometimes regarded as status symbols.
See also
Notes and references
External links
- Writing Instrument Manufacturers Association
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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