LTE (telecommunication)

src: previews.123rf.com

In the telecommunications field, Long Term Evolution ( LTE ) is the standard for high-speed wireless communications for mobile devices and data terminals, based on GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. It increases the capacity and speed of using different radio interfaces along with the increase in core networks. This standard was developed by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in the Release 8 document series, with a small increase described in Release 9. LTE is an upgrade path for operators with GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The frequency difference of LTE and bands used in different countries means that only multi-band phones can use LTE in all supported countries.

LTE is generally marketed as 4G LTE & amp; Advance 4G , but does not meet the technical criteria of 4G wireless services, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series for Advanced LTE. The requirements were originally set by the ITU-R organization in the Advanced IMT specification. However, due to the pressures of marketing and the significant advancements that WiMAX, Evolved High Speed â€‹â€‹Packet Access and LTE brought to original 3G technology, ITU then decided that LTE along with the technologies mentioned earlier can be called 4G technology. Advanced LTE standards formally meet the ITU-R requirements for consideration as IMT-Advanced. To distinguish LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from today's 4G technology, ITU has defined it as "True 4G".

Video LTE (telecommunication)

Ikhtisar

LTE stands for Long Term Evolution and is a registered trademark owned by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) for wireless data communications technology and development of GSM/UMTS standards. However, other countries and companies play an active role in LTE projects. The goal of LTE is to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using DSP (digital signal processing) techniques and new modulations developed around the turn of the millennium. The next goal is to redesign and simplify the network architecture to IP-based systems with significantly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is not compatible with 2G and 3G networks, so it must be operated on a separate radio spectrum.

LTE was first proposed in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo Japan, with a study of official standards commencing in 2005. In May 2007, the LTE/SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) alliance was established as a global collaboration between vendors and operators with the objective of verifying and promoting standards to ensure the introduction of global technology as quickly as possible. The LTE standard was completed in December 2008, and the first publicly available LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on December 14, 2009 as a data connection with a USB modem. The LTE service is launched by major North American operators as well, with the Samsung SCH-r900 being the world's first LTE Mobile phone starting September 21, 2010 and Samsung Galaxy Indulge being the first LTE smartphone in the world starting on February 10, 2011 both offered. by MetroPCS, and HTC ThunderBolt offered by Verizon starting March 17th into the second commercially available LTE smartphone. In Canada, Rogers Wireless is the first to launch an LTE network on July 7, 2011, offering a wireless USB Wireless Wireless AirCard 313U mobile broadband modem, known as the "LTE Rocket stick", followed by mobile devices from HTC and Samsung. Initially, CDMA operators plan to upgrade to rival standards called UMB and WiMAX, but major CDMA operators (such as Verizon, Sprint and MetroPCS in the United States, Bell and Telus in Canada, au by KDDI in Japan, SK Telecom in South Korea and China Telecom/China Unicom in China) have announced otherwise they intend to migrate to LTE. The next version of LTE is LTE Advanced, which is standardized in March 2011. Services are expected to begin in 2013. The additional evolution known as LTE Advanced Pro has been approved in 2015.

Most carriers that support GSM or HSUPA networks can be expected to upgrade their network to LTE at some stage. A complete list of commercial contracts can be found at:

August 2009: TelefÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â³nica selected six countries for LTE field trials in the following months: Spain, UK, Germany, and Czech Republic in Europe, as well as Brazil and Argentina in Latin America.
On November 24, 2009: Telecom Italia announced the world's first outdoor pre-commercial experiment, deployed in Torino and fully integrated into the 2G/3G network currently in service.
On December 14, 2009, the world's first open LTE service was opened by TeliaSonera in two Scandinavian capital Stockholm and Oslo.
On May 28, 2010, Russian operator, Scartel announced the launch of LTE network in Kazan by the end of 2010.
On October 6, 2010, Canadian provider Rogers Communications Inc. announced that Ottawa, Canada's national capital, will be the location of LTE trials. Rogers said it will expand this test and switch to LTE comprehensive technical testing at low and high band frequencies in the Ottawa area.
On May 6, 2011, Sri Lanka Telecom Mobitel successfully demonstrated 4G LTE for the first time in South Asia, achieving 96 Mbit/dt data rate in Sri Lanka.
On May 7, 2011, the Sri Lankan Mobile Operator Dialogue Axiata PLC enabled the first South Asia 4G LTE pilot network with Huawei vendor partners and showed download data rates up to 127 Mbit/s.
On February 9, 2012, Telus Mobility launched their LTE service in metropolitan areas including Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto, and Greater Toronto Area, Kitchener, Waterloo, Hamilton, Guelph, Belleville, Ottawa, Montreal, QuÃƒÆ'Ã‚ Â© City , Halifax, and Yellowknife.
Telus Mobility has announced that it will adopt LTE as its 4G wireless standard.
Cox Communications has the first tower to build a wireless LTE network. Wireless service was launched in late 2009.

Here is a list of top 10 countries/regions based on 4G LTE coverage as measured by OpenSignal.com in October-December 2017.

For a complete list of all countries/regions, see the list of countries with 4G LTE penetration.

Maps LTE (telecommunication)

LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD

Long Term Evolution of Time-Division Duplex , LTE-TDD ), also referred to as TDD LTE, is a 4G telecommunication technology and standard developed jointly by international coalitions of companies, including China Mobile , Datang Telecom, Huawei, ZTE, Network Solutions and Networks Nokia, Qualcomm, Samsung, and ST-Ericsson. It is one of two mobile data transmission technologies of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology standard, the other is the Frequency-Long Term Frequency-Division Duplex ( LTE-FDD ). While some companies refer to LTE-TDD as "TD-LTE", there is no reference to acronyms anywhere in the 3GPP specification.

There are two main differences between LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD: how data is uploaded and downloaded, and what frequency the network uses. While LTE-FDD uses paired frequencies to upload and download data, LTE-TDD uses one frequency, alternating between uploading and downloading data over time. The ratio between uploads and downloads on LTE-TDD networks can be changed dynamically, depending on whether more data needs to be sent or received. LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD also operate on different frequency bands, with LTE-TDD working better at higher frequencies, and LTE-FDD works better at lower frequencies. Frequencies used for the LTE-TDD range from 1850 MHz to 3800 MHz, with several different bands in use. The LTE-TDD spectrum is generally cheaper to access, and has less traffic. Furthermore, bands for LTE-TDD overlap with bands used for WiMAX, which can be easily upgraded to support LTE-TDD.

Regardless of the differences in how the two LTE types handle data transmission, LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD share 90 percent of their core technology, allowing the same chipset and network to use both LTE versions. A number of companies produce dual mode chips or mobile devices, including Samsung and Qualcomm, while operators China Mobile Hong Kong Company Limited and Hi3G Access have developed dual mode networks in Hong Kong and Sweden, respectively.

History of LTE-TDD

The creation of LTE-TDD involves a coalition of international companies working to develop and test technologies. China Mobile is an early LTE-TDD supporter, along with other companies such as Datang Telecom and Huawei, which work to deploy LTE-TDD networks, and then develop technologies that enable LTE-TDD equipment to operate in white space - the frequency spectrum between TV stations broadcast. Intel also participates in the development, regulation of LTE-TDD interoperability laboratories with Huawei in China, as well as ST-Ericsson, Nokia, and Nokia Siemens (now Nokia Solutions and Networks), which develops LTE-TDD BTS that increase capacity by 80 percent and coverage up to 40 percent. Qualcomm also participated, developing the world's first multi-mode chip, incorporating LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD, along with HSPA and EV-DO. Accelleran, a Belgian company, has also been working to build small cells for the LTE-TDD network.

The LTE-TDD technology trials began in early 2010, with Reliance Industries and Ericsson India conducting LTE-TDD field testing in India, achieving download speeds of 80 megabits per second and upload speeds of 20 megabits per second. In 2011, China Mobile started tech trials in six cities.

Although initially seen as a technology used by only a few countries, including China and India, in 2011 international interest in LTE-TDD has increased, especially in Asia, partly due to lower LTE-TDD usage costs compared to LTE-FDD. In the middle of that year, 26 networks around the world are conducting technology trials. The Global LTE-TDD Initiative (GTI) also began in 2011, with founding partners China Mobile, Bharti Airtel, Softbank Mobile, Vodafone, Clearwire, Aero2, and E-Plus. In September 2011, Huawei announced it will partner with Polish mobile provider Aero2 to develop LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD combined networks in Poland, and in April 2012, ZTE Corporation has been working to deploy a commercial or trial LTE-TDD network for 33 operators in 19 country. At the end of 2012, Qualcomm works extensively to deploy commercial LTE-TDD networks in India, and partnered with Bharti Airtel and Huawei to develop the first LTE-TDD multi-mode smartphone for India.

In Japan, SoftBank Mobile launched LTE-TDD service in February 2012 under the name Advanced eXtended Global Platform (AXGP), and is marketed as SoftBank 4G (ja). The AXGP band was previously used for Willcom PHS services, and after PHS was discontinued in 2010 PHS bands were remade for AXGP services.

In the US, Clearwire plans to implement LTE-TDD, with the Qualcomm chip maker agreeing to support Clearwire frequencies on multi-mode LTE chipsets. With the acquisition of Sprint from Clearwire in 2013, operators began using this frequency for LTE services on networks built by Samsung, Alcatel-Lucent, and Nokia.

As of March 2013, 156 commercial LTE 4G networks exist, including 142 LTE-FDD networks and 14 LTE-TDD networks. In November 2013, the South Korean government plans to allow the fourth wireless operator by 2014, which will provide LTE-TDD services, and in December 2013, LTE-TDD licenses granted to three Chinese mobile operators, enabling commercial deployment of 4G LTE services.

In January 2014, Nokia Solutions and Networks indicated that they have completed a series of voice tests via LTE (VoLTE) calls on the China Mobile TD-LTE network. The next month, Nokia Solutions and Networks and Sprint announced that they have demonstrated a 2.6 gigabit throughput speed per second using LTE-TDD networks, surpassing the previous record of 1.6 gigabits per second.

GPRS(2g) UMTS(3g) LTE(4g) Architecture Diagram | Telecom Generations

src: 012345g.files.wordpress.com

Features

Most LTE standards discuss the 3G UMTS upgrade to what will eventually become 4G mobile communications technology. A large amount of work is aimed at simplifying the system architecture, as it transitions from existing UMTS circuits to a packet switching network, to a flat IP architecture system. E-UTRA is an LTE air interface. Its main features are:

The peak download rate of up to 299.6 Mbit/s and upload rate up to 75.4 Mbit/s depends on the user's device category (with 4ÃƒÆ'-4 antennas using 20Ãƒ ,Ã‚,Ã‚ MHz spectrum). Five different terminal classes have been defined from sound-centric class to high-end terminals that support peak data rates. All terminals will be able to process 20 MHz bandwidth.
Low data transfer latency (latency sub-5Ãƒ, ms for small IP packets in optimal condition), lower latency for handover and connection setup time compared to previous radio access technology.
Increased support for mobility, exemplified by support for moving terminals up to 350 km/h (220 mph) or 500 km/h (310 mph) depending on the frequency band.
Multiple-split Orthogonal access for downlink, Single-carrier FDMA for uplink to save power.
Support for FDD and TDD communication systems as well as half duplex FDD with the same radio access technology.
Support for all frequency bands currently used by the ITU-R IMT system.
Increased spectral flexibility: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20 MHz wide cells are standard. (W-CDMA has no option other than 5 MHz chunks, causing some problems to roll in countries where 5 MHz is the spectrum spectrum normally allocated so often it's used with legacy standards like GSM 2G and cdmaOne.)
Support for cell sizes from a radius of tens of meters (femto and picocells) to a 100km (62 mi) macridge radius. In the lower frequency band for use in rural areas, 5 km (3.1 miles) is an optimal cell size, 30 km (19 miles) has reasonable performance, and cell sizes up to 100 km are backed with acceptable performance. In urban and urban areas, higher frequency bands (such as 2.6 GHz in the EU) are used to support high-speed mobile broadband. In this case, the cell size may be 1 km (0.62 miles) or even less.
Supports at least 200 active data clients in each 5 MHz cell.
Simple architecture: The E-UTRAN network side only consists of eNode Bs.
Support for interoperability and co-existence with old standards (eg, GSM/EDGE, UMTS, and CDMA2000). Users can initiate a call or transfer data in an area that uses LTE standards, and, should coverage not be available, resume operations without any action on their part using GSM/GPRS or UMTS based on W-CDMA or even 3GPP2 networks such as cdmaOne or CDMA2000.
Packet-switched radio interface.
Support for MBSFN (multicast-broadcast single-frequency network). This feature can provide services such as Mobile TV using LTE infrastructure, and is a competitor for DVB-H based TV broadcasting only LTE-compatible devices that receive LTE signals.

LTE telecommunication. stock illustration. Illustration of site ...

src: thumbs.dreamstime.com

Voice calls

Standard LTE only supports packet redirection with its all-IP network. Voice calls on GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched, so with LTE adoption, operators must reengineer their voice calling network. Three different approaches emerge:

Voice over LTE (VoLTE)

Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB): In this approach, LTE only provides data services, and when voice calls are started or received, it will fall back to the circuit-switched domain. When using this solution, the operator just needs to improve MSC rather than deploy IMS, and therefore, can provide services quickly. However, the drawback is a longer call delay.

Simultaneous voice and LTE (SVLTE): In this approach, the handset works simultaneously in LTE mode and circuit switched, with LTE mode providing data services and circuit switched modes that provide voice services. This is the only solution based on the handset, which has no special requirements on the network and does not require the deployment of IMS as well. The disadvantage of this solution is that mobile phones become expensive with high power consumption.

Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)

An additional approach that operators do not start is the use of over-the-top (OTT) content services, using apps like Skype and Google Talk to provide LTE voice services.

Most LTE supporters prefer and promote VoLTE from scratch. Lack of software support in early LTE devices, as well as core networking devices, but led to a number of operators promoting VoLGA (Voice over LTE Generic Access) as a temporary solution. The idea is to use the same principle as GAN (Generic Access Network, also known as UMA or Mobile Without Permissions), which defines the protocol through which mobile handsets can make voice calls via a customer's personal Internet connection, usually via wireless LAN. But VoLGA never gets much support, because VoLTE (IMS) promises a much more flexible service, although at a cost it should improve the overall infrastructure of voice calls. VoLTE will also require a Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) in order to perform a smooth handover to 3G networks if the LTE signal quality is poor.

While the industry seems to have been standardized on VoLTE for the future, the demand for voice calls today has led LTE operators to introduce CSFB as a temporary measure. When placing or receiving a voice call, the LTE handset will return to the old 2G or 3G network for the duration of the call.

Upgraded sound quality

To ensure compatibility, 3GPP demands at least AMR-NB codec (narrow band), but the suggested speech codec for VoLTE is Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband, also known as HD Voice. This codec is mandated in a 3GPP network that supports 16 kHz sampling.

Fraunhofer IIS has proposed and demonstrated "Full-HD Voice", an implementation of the AAC-ELD (Advanced Audio Coding-Enhanced Low Delay) codec for LTE handsets. Where previously mobile voice codecs only support frequencies up to 3.5 kHz and upcoming wideband audio band services as HD Voice up to 7Ãƒ, Ã‚ Â° k, Full-HD Voice supports all bandwidth ranges from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. For Full-HD End-to-End Sound calls to succeed, however, both caller and recipient handsets, as well as networks, must support the feature.

4G LTE Fundamentals training course | What is LTE Network ...

src: i.ytimg.com

Frequency band

The LTE standard includes different bands, each of which is determined by frequency and band number:

North America - 600, 700, 850, 1700 (AWS), 1900, 2300 (WCS), 2500, 2600Ãƒ, MHz (bands 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 17, 25, 26, 29, 30, 41, 66, 71)
Latin America and the Caribbean - 700, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2600Ãƒ, MHz (bands 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 17, 28)
Europe - 450, 700, 800, 900, 1500, 1800, 2100, 2300, 2600, 3500, 3700Ãƒ, MHz (bands 1, 3, 7, 8, 20, 22, 28, 31, 32, 38, 40, 42, 43)
Asia - 450, 700, 800, 850, 900, 1500, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2300, 2500, 2600, 3500Ãƒ, MHz (band 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 18, 19, 21, 26, 21, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42)
Africa - 700, 800, 850, 900, 1800, 2100, 2500, 2600Ãƒ, MHz (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 20, 28, 41)
Oceania (including Australia and New Zealand) - 700, 800, 850, 1800, 2100, 2300, 2600Ãƒ, MHz (band 1, 3, 7, 12, 20, 28, 40)

As a result, calls from one country may not work in another. Users will need a multi-band capable phone for international roaming.

src: thumbs.dreamstime.com

Patent

According to European Institute of Intellectual Property (ETSI) database, about 50 companies have stated, in March 2012, holds important patents covering LTE standards. ETSI did not make an investigation of the truth of the declaration, so "any analysis of the essential LTE patents should take into account more than ETSI declarations." Independent studies find that about 3.3 to 5 percent of all revenues from handset manufacturers are spent on standard-essence patents. This is lower than the combined published rates, due to low-level license agreements, such as cross-licensing.

src: st.depositphotos.com

References

LTE telecommunication progress concept illustration â€

src: static8.depositphotos.com

External links

the LTE homepage from the 3GPP website
LTE FAQs
LTE Application Map
Simple Introduction to LTE Down Link
LTE-3GPP.info: online LTE message decoders fully support Rel.14

White paper and other technical information

Source of the article : Wikipedia

LTE (telecommunication)

Senin, 09 Juli 2018