Poster

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The poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be taped to a wall or vertical surface. Usually posters include both textual and graphical elements, though posters can be entirely graphical or entirely text. Posters are designed to be interesting and informative. Posters can be used for many purposes. They are a frequent advertiser tool (especially events, musicians and movies), propagandists, protesters, and other groups who try to communicate the message. Posters are also used to reproduce works of art, especially famous works, and are generally inexpensive compared to original artwork. Modern posters, as we know, however, date back to the 1840s and 1850s when the printing industry perfected color lithography and made mass production possible.

Video Poster

History

Introduction

According to the French historian Max Gallo, "for over two hundred years, posters have been displayed in public places around the world, visually stunningly, they have been designed to attract the attention of passersby, make us aware of the political standpoint, attract us to attend certain events, or encourage us to buy certain products or services. "The modern poster, as we know, however, dates back to the mid-nineteenth century, when several separate but related changes took place. First, the printing industry perfects the color lithography and makes mass production of large and inexpensive images. Secondly, government censorship of public spaces in countries like France is repealed. And finally, advertisers began marketing mass-produced consumer goods to a population growth in urban areas.

"In less than a hundred years," wrote the posterist John Barnicoat, "has been recognized as an important art form, attracting artists at every level, from painters like Toulouse-Lautrec and Mucha to theater and commercial designers." They have a variety of styles ranging from Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Cubism, and Art Deco to the more formal Bauhaus and hippie posters that are often incoherent in the 1960s.

Mass production

Posters, in the form of placards and bills installed, have been used since the beginning, especially for advertising and announcements. Pure textual posters have a long history: they advertise Shakespeare's drama and make its citizens aware of the government's proclamation for centuries. However, a major revolution in posters is the development of printing techniques that allow for cheap mass production and printing, including lithography techniques found in 1796 by Alois Senefelder of Germany. The discovery of lithography was soon followed by chromolithography, which allowed for mass edition posters to be illustrated in bright colors to be printed.

Developing art form

By the 1890s, the technique had spread throughout Europe. A number of famous French artists created art posters during this period, especially among them Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules ChÃÆ' ret ret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Louis Anguetin, Alfred Choubrac, Georges de Feure and Henri - Gabriel Ibels. ChÃÆ' Â © ret is considered a "father" of advertising placards. She is a pencil artist and decorator of the scene, who founded a small lithography office in Paris in 1866. She uses striking characters, contrasts and bright colors, and creates over 1000 ads, especially for exhibitions, theaters, and products. The industry immediately attracted the services of many painters who needed a source of income to support themselves.

ChÃÆ' Â © ret develops new lithography techniques that better suit the needs of advertisers: it adds more color that, along with the innovative typography, makes the poster more expressive. Not surprisingly, ChÃÆ' Â © ret is said to have introduced sex in advertisements or, at least, to exploit the feminine image as an advertising tactic. In contrast to Toulouse-Lautrec's earlier painting, the laughing and provocative feminine figures, often called "chÃÆ' Â © rettes," mean a new conception of art as a service to advertising.

Posters soon changed the main streets of Paris, making the streets a so-called contemporary "picture gallery of the poor". Their commercial success is such that some good artists take the poster design in earnest. Some of these artists, such as Alphonse Mucha, are in great demand and theatrical star personally chose their own favorite artist to perform posters for upcoming performances. The popularity of poster art is such that in 1884 a large exhibition was held in Paris.

Golden Age of poster

In the 1890s, poster art had been used extensively in other parts of Europe, advertised everything from bikes to bullfights. At the end of the 19th century, during the era known as Belle ÃÆ' â € ° poque, poster stands as a serious art grew up even further. Between 1895 and 1900, Jules ChÃÆ' Â © ret created the MaÃÆ'®tres de l'Affiche (Masters of the Poster) series that became not only a commercial success but is now seen as an important historical publication. Alphonse Mucha and EugÃÆ'¨ne Grasset are also influential poster designers of this generation, known for their Art Nouveau style and stylish figures, especially women. Ad posters are a special kind of graphic art in modern times. Poster artists such as ThÃÆ' Â © ophile Steinlen, Albert Guillaume, Leonetto Cappiello, Henri Thiriet and others became important figures of his day, their art form was transferred to magazines for advertising as well as for social and political commentary. Indeed, as design historian Elizabeth Guffey noted, "When large colorful posters began to dominate common street spaces, markets, and squares, the format itself took the honor of a society that was never given to Victoria's letters."

In the United States, posters have a slightly different evolution. In the 1850s, the emergence of circus circus carrying colorful posters to inform the residents that a carnival will come to the city. While many of these posters are beautifully printed, the earliest is a mass-produced piece of wood; the technique, as well as their subject matter, the crowded style, and the bright colors, are often ridiculed by contemporary critics. When chromo-lithography begins to reshape the European posters, American artists begin to take the medium more seriously. Indeed, with the work of designers such as Edward Penfield, or Will Bradley get audiences in Europe as well as America.

Maps Poster

Decrease and awakening

Challenged by the newer advertising modes, posters as a communicative form began to decline after the First World War. Civil groups have long attacked the poster, arguing that the form makes public space ugly. But the real threat to the poster comes from a newer form of advertising. Mass market magazines, radio and television later, and billboards all cut the advertiser's marketing budget. While posters continue to be created and advertised products, they are no longer considered the primary form of advertising. Increasingly, the purpose of the poster shifts toward political and decorative usage.

Indeed, in the mid-1960s, posters were reborn as part of a broader counter-cultural shift. In 1968, the poster madness was described as "halfway between the passing mode and the form of mass hysteria." Sometimes called the "second golden age" or "postermania", this popularity revival saw posters used as decoration and self-expression as much as public or advertising protests.

Commercial use

In the 1890s, poster art had been used extensively in other parts of Europe, advertised everything from bikes to bullfights. Many posters have a nice artistic reward. These include product advertisement posters and consumer entertainment, but also events such as the World Exhibition and Colonial Exhibition.

Political use

Other times of great turmoil also produced large posters. The first extensive use of pictorial posters for political purposes occurred during the First World War. Drive war bonds and posters recruitment immediately replace commercials. The German graphic designers, who had pioneered the modest Sachplakat style in the years leading up to the war, applied their talents to war effort. The artists working for the cause of the Allies also made their artwork in wartime as well.

The 1960s saw the rise of pop art and protest movements throughout the West; both utilizing posters and contributing to the revitalization of current posters. Perhaps the most famous posters were produced by French students during what was called " ÃÆ' Â © vÃÆ' Â © nements " in May 1968. During the 1968 Paris student riots and for many years to come, the stylish posters Jim Fitzpatrick's revolutionary Marxist Che Guevara (based on Guerrillero Heroico's photo), also became a symbol of a common young rebellion.

After the September 11 attacks, in the United States, public schools across the country posted "In God We Trust" framed posters in their "library, cafeteria, and classroom". The American Family Association provides some 11-by-14-inch posters to the school system.

Poster printing

Many printing techniques are used to produce posters. While most posters are mass-produced, posters can also be printed by hand or in limited editions. Most posters are printed on one side and left empty in the back, better attached to the wall or other surfaces. Pin-up size poster is usually printed on Standard Silk A3 paper in full color. Once purchased, most of the commercially available posters are often rolled into cylindrical tubes to allow damage-free transport. The rolled poster can then be flattened under pressure for several hours to regain its original shape.

It is possible to use poster-making software to print large posters on standard home or office printers.

Type of poster design

Many posters, especially early posters, are used for advertising products. Posters continue to be used for this purpose, with movie ad posters, music (concerts and recording albums), comic books, and travel destinations being very important examples.

Propaganda and political posters

During the First and Second World War, recruiting posters became very common, and many of them have survived in national consciousness, such as the "Lord Kitchener Wants You" poster from the United Kingdom, "Uncle Sam wants you" posters from the United States, or Loose poster Wips Sink Ships "that warns of foreign spies. Also in Canada, they are widespread.

Posters during wartime are also used for propaganda, persuasion and motivation purposes, such as the famous Rosie the Riveter poster urging women workers to work in factories during World War II. The Soviet Union also produced a number of propaganda posters, some of which became an iconic representation of the Great Patriotic War. During the 1989 democratic revolution in Central and Eastern Europe the poster was a very important weapon at the hands of the opposition. Handmade and handmade political poster that dared to appear on the Berlin Wall, on the statue of St. Wenseslas in Prague and around the unmarked tomb of Imre Nagy in Budapest and their role is indispensable for democratic change. Examples of influential political posters are Shepard Fairey Barack Obama poster "HOPE".

Movie poster

The film industry quickly found that brightly colored posters were an easy way to sell their photos. Currently, posters are produced for most major movies, and movie poster collection has become a major hobby. The record price for the poster was set on November 15, 2005 when US $ 690,000 was paid for Fritz Lang's 1927 <3> Metropolis posters from Reel Poster Gallery in London. Other early horror and fictional posters are also known to bring great prices, with examples from The Mummy who realized $ 452,000 in Sotheby's 1997 auction, and posters from The Black Cat and Bride of Frankenstein sold for $ 334,600 at various Heritage Auctions. The 6-sheet 1931 Frankenstein poster, of which only one copy is known to exist, is considered to be the most valuable film poster in the world.

Travel poster

Ad posters or proposed travel destinations, or only artistic articulation of the place has been created. An example is the Beach Town Posters series, a collection of Art Deco tourist posters from the American coast resort that refers to the style of advertising of the 1920s and 1930s.

Rail poster

In the early days of UK steam trains, various railroad companies advertise their routes and services on simple printed sheets. In the 1850s, with increasing competition and improved printing technology, pictorial designs were being incorporated in their advertising posters. The use of graphic artists began to influence the design of display posters. In 1905, London and the North Western Railway (LNWR) commissioned Norman Wilkinson to produce artwork for new landscape posters, advertise their rail/steam links to Ireland. In 1908, for Great Northern Railway (GNR), John Hassall produced the famous image of "Jolly Fisherman" with the slogan "Skegness is so Bracing". The development of this commercial art form throughout the first half of the 20th century reflects a change in British society, along with changes in art style, architecture and fashion as well as changes in holiday patterns.

Event posters

Posters ad events have become commonplace. Any type of public event, from rally to drama, can be advertised with posters; several types of events have become famous for their poster ads.

Boxing Poster

Boxing Posters are used in and around the actual place to advertise upcoming fights, dates, fare prices, and usually consist of photographs of each boxer. Boxing Poster varies in size and spirit, but is usually no smaller than 18x22 inches. In the early days, some boxing posters survived the actual events and thus became collectible.

Concert poster

Many concerts, especially rock concerts, have specially designed posters that are used for event advertising. It's often a gathering item as well.

Poster band/music

Posters that showcase favorite artist of a person or popular music group in teenage bedroom, as well as in college dorms and apartments. Many posters have pictures of popular rock bands and artists.

Blacklight Poster

Blacklight poster is designed to have special effects under black light (ultraviolet light).

Pin-up poster

Pinup posters, "pinups," or cheesecake posters are fascinating female pictures that are designed to be displayed, first coming to popularity in the 1920s. The popularity of sexy pin-up poster posters has been erratic in recent decades. Pin-ups like Betty Grable and Jane Russell were very popular with soldiers during World War II but less so during the Vietnam War. The late 1970s and early 1980s were the boom years for large television actress posters, especially Farrah Fawcett and Cheryl Tiegs.

Affirmation poster

This refers to decorative posters intended to be motivational and inspirational. One popular series has a black background, a landscape of nature, and words like "Leadership" or "Opportunity". Other versions (usually framed and crumpled) use a two-picture hologram that changes as viewers pass.

Publications

Comic book poster

The revival of comic book popularity in the 1960s led to the mass production of comic posters in the 1970s and beyond. These posters usually feature popular characters in various action poses. The fact that comic books are market niches means that the poster usually has smaller printing than other poster genres. Therefore, older posters may be sought by collectors. Promotional posters are usually distributed folded, while retail posters are meant for home rolled decorations.

Education poster

Research poster and "poster session"

Posters are used in the academic world to promote and explain research work. They are usually displayed during conferences, either as a complement to the talks or scientific papers, or as publications. They are less important than actual articles, but they can be a good introduction to a new research before this paper is published. They may be considered as gray literature. Poster presentations are often not reviewed by peers, but can be sent, which means that as much as is acceptable.

Class poster

Posters are a standard feature of classrooms around the world. A typical North American school will feature a variety of, including: tie-in advertisements (eg historical films relevant to current learning topics); alphabet and grammar; numeracy and scientific tables; safety and other instructions (such as laboratory safety and proper hand washing) Ã,; artwork and exhibits by students.

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See also

• The Girls Tennis Posters are iconic images from the late 1970s'
• Death to the Brutes , an anti-war anarchist posters printed in France during the Second World War.
• Graphic design
• Gray literature
• Illustrations
• List of poster artists
• Mediascape
• Pin-up (disambiguation)
• Street Poster Art
• The Swann Gallery

References

Further reading

• Josef MÃÆ'¼ller-Brockmann: Geschichte des Plakates Phaidon Press 2004, ISBNÃ, 978-0714844039
• Franz-Josef Deiters: Bilder ohne Rahmen: Zur Rhetorik des Plakats, in: Medienrhetorik, ed. by Joachim Knape. Attempto, TÃÆ'¼bingen (Germany) 2005, ISBN 3-89308-370-7, S. 81-112.
• Franz-Josef Deiters: Plaque, in: Historisches WÃÆ'¶rterbuch der Rhetorik, ed by. Gert Ueding (et al.). Max Niemeyer, TÃÆ'¼bingen (Germany) 2003, ISBN 3-484-68100-4, vol. 6, pp. 1230-39.
• New Masters of Poster Design . John Foster, Rockport Publishers 2008 ISBN 978-1592534340
• 100 Best Poster - NO ART . Hermann Schmidt Publisher 2006, Fons Hickmann, Niklaus Troxler ISBNÃ, 978-3874397032
• Fons Hickmann, Sven Lindhorst-Emme (Hrsg) Anschlag Berlin - Zeitgeistmedium Plaque. Verlag Seltmann SÃÆ'¶hne, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-944721-56-9
• Gosling, Peter. (1999). Scientific Guide for Poster Presentations. New York: Kluwer. ISBN 978-0-306-46076-0.
• The king, Emily. (2003). Ages Poster Movie: From Silent to Art House. Barron. ISBN 978-0-7641-5599-4.
• Noble, Ian. (2002). Up Against the Wall: International Poster Design. Mies, Switzerland: RotoVision. ISBN 978-2-88046-561-2.
• Timers, Margaret. (2003). Poster Strength. The Victoria and Albert Museum. ISBN 978-0-8109-6615-4.
• Le Coultre, Martijn F. & amp; Purvis, Alston W, (2002) The Century of Poster , Lund Humphries ISBNÃ, 978-0-85331-863-7
• Rennert, Jack, (1990), Belle Epoque Posters , Wine Spectator Watchers, ISBN 978-0-9664202-1-0
• Wrede, Stuart, (1988), Modern Poster , Little Brown and Company, ISBN 978-0-87070-570-0
• Gold, Laura (1988), Poster, Please ISBNÃ, 978-0-9664202-0-3
• Cole, Beverley and Durack, Richard (1992), Railway Poster 1923-1947 , Laurence King, ISBN 978-1-85669-014-0
• Kempa, Karolina (2018), Polnische Kulturplakate im Sozialismus. Eine kunstsoziologische Untersuchung zur (Be-) Deutung des Werkes von Jan Lenica and Franciszek Starowieyski , Wiesbaden: Springer, ISBNÃ, 978-3658188542

External links

• Ã, "Poster". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 22 (issue 11). 1911.
• Posters from World War I and II - A number of posters covering subjects such as recruitment and enrollment, storing stamps and ammunition, from the UBC Library Digital Collection
• World War I and World II Poster Collection - featuring propaganda and broadside posters from the United States, Western Europe and axis powers from the University of Washington Library
• circusmuseum.nl Showing nearly 8,000 circus posters from 1880 to the present
• London Transport poster More than 5,000 posters from the London Transport museum
• Civil War Poster of Russia, digital collection of 1918-1922 New York Public Library
• USSR Poster Ben Perry's Flickr photoset with nearly 1500 Soviet propaganda, commercials, theaters and movie posters from 1917-1991
• Psychedelic poster collection Andrew Olsen from hundreds of psychedelic posters for performances at The Fillmore and The Avalon
• Millie, Elena, and Zbigniew Kantorosinski (1993). Polish Poster: from Polish Young through the Second World War: Ownership in Print and Photo Division, Library of Congress
• Over 33,000 political posters from around the world, especially from the 20th century, are available online at Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University.

Source of the article : Wikipedia