The Mass Transit Railway ( MTR ; Chinese: ?? ; Cantonese Yale: GÃÆ'³ngtit ) is the main public transport network serving Hong Kong. Operated by MTR Corporation Limited (MTRCL), the train comprises light rail, light rail and feeder bus services centered on an 11-line rapid transit network serving the urban areas of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories. The system currently covers 218.2 km (135.6 mi) rail with 159 stations, including 91 heavy rail stations and 68 light railroad tracks. MTR is one of the most profitable metro systems in the world; it has a farebox recovery ratio of 187% by 2015, the highest in the world.
Under a government-led transport policy, the MTR system is a public transport mode in Hong Kong, with more than five million trips being made in the average working day. This consistently achieves 99.9% timely tariffs on their train trips. By 2014, MTR has a market share of 48.1% of the undisclosed public transport market, making it Hong Kong's most popular transportation option. The integration of Octopus smart card tariff payment technology into the MTR system in September 1997 has further enhanced the ease of travel on the MTR.
The construction of the MTR was driven by a study, released in 1967, commissioned by the Hong Kong Government to find a solution to the increasing problem of road congestion caused by rapid regional economic growth. Construction began immediately after the launch of the study, and the first line was opened in 1979. MTR was soon popular in Hong Kong; as a result, the next path has been built to cover more areas. There is an ongoing debate on how and where to expand the MTR network.
As a successful rail operation, MTR has served as a model for other newly built systems in the world, especially other urban rail transit in China.
Video MTR
Perkembangan awal (1960-2000)
Proposal awal
During the 1960s, the Hong Kong government saw a need to accommodate an increase in road traffic as the Hong Kong economy continued to grow strongly. In 1966, the British transportation consultant Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & amp; Partners are appointed to study the Hong Kong transport system. The study is based on the projected population of Hong Kong for 1986, an estimated 6,868,000. On September 1, 1967, consultants submitted the Hong Kong Mass Transportation Study to the government, which recommended the construction of a 64-mile (64 km) fast transit rail system in Hong Kong. This study suggests that four railways were developed in six stages, with completion dates established between December 1973 and December 1984. Detailed positions of lines and stations are presented in this study. These four lines are the Kwun Tong line (from West Market to Ma Yau Tong), Tsuen Wan line (from Admiralty to Tsuen Wan), Island line (from Kennedy to Chai Wan Central), and Shatin line (from Tsim Sha Tsui to Wo Liu Hang).
The study was submitted to the Legislative Council on 14 February 1968. Consultants received new data from the 1966 census on March 6, 1968. A brief supplementary report was delivered on March 22, 1968 and amended in June 1968. The census showed that the projected 1986 population was reduced more than a million from the previous estimate to 5,647,000. Dramatic reduction affects urban planning. The population distribution is very different from the original study. The 1986 population projected at the New Town of Castle Peak, the New Town of Sha Tin, and, to a lesser extent, the New Town of Tsuen Wan, was revised downward, and the plans of a new town in Tseung Kwan O were re-introduced to reconsideration. In this updated scenario, consultants reduce the recommended scale of the system. The supplementary report states that initially suggested four tracks between the Admiralty station and Mong Kok station should be reduced to two, and only part of the Island line, the Tsuen Wan line, and the Kwun Tong line must be built for the initial system. Another line will be placed in the list of extensions. This report leads to a recent study in 1970.
In 1970, a four-lane system was laid out and planned as part of a new British consultant report, Hong Kong Mass Transit: Further Studies . The four lines are the Kwun Tong line, the Tsuen Wan line, the Island line, and the East Kowloon line. However, the line that was eventually built is somewhat different than the line originally proposed by this report or by the Hong Kong Mass Transport Study .
In 1972, the Hong Kong government approved the construction of the Preliminary System, a 20-kilometer (12-mile) system roughly translated to the current Kwun Tong line between Kwun Tong and Prince Edward, the Tsuen Wan line between May Foo Line and Admiralty, and the Island between Sheung Wan and Admiralty. The Mass Transit Steering Committee, chaired by the Secretary of Finance Philip Haddon-Cave, started negotiations with four major consortiums of construction in 1973. The government's intention was to tender the entire project, based on British design, as a single tender at a fixed price. A consortium from Japan, led by Mitsubishi, proposed the only proposal within the $ 5,000 million government price limit. They signed an agreement to build the system in early 1974, but in December of the same year, withdrawn from the agreement for reasons derived from fears of the oil crisis.
Initial System Modified
A few weeks later, in early 1975, the Mass Steit Steering Group was replaced by the Provisional Mass Transport Authority, which holds more executive power. It announced that the Initial System would be reduced to 15.6 kilometers (9.7 mi) and renamed "Modified Initial System". Plans for one contract are ignored for the sake of 25 engineering contracts and 10 electrical and mechanical contracts. On May 7, 1975, the Legislative Council passed a law governing the Government's Mass Transit Railway Company (MTRC) to replace the Provisional Bulk Transport Authority.
The Changed Early System Development (now part of the Kwun Tong and Tsuen Wan line) began in November 1975. The northern part was completed on 30 September 1979 and opened on October 1, 1979 by Governor Murray MacLehose. Trains on this route flow from Shek Kip Mei station to Kwun Tong station, originally in a four-car configuration. The first train driver was trained at the London Underground. The route from Tsim Sha Tsui station to Shek Kip Mei station opened in December 1979. The starting station was designed under the supervision of Roland Paoletti, the principal architect at MTR.
In 1980, the first port crossing was made by the MTR train as the Kwun Tong line was extended to Chater station, since it was renamed Central station. The train is extended to six cars to accommodate an increasing number of passengers.
Path extensions
The government approved the construction of the Tsuen Wan line in 1977, which came to be known as the Tsuen Wan Extension, and the work began in November 1978. The project added a 10.5 kilometer (6.5 mi) section to the MTR system, from Prince Edward to Tsuen Lemah. The line began operations on May 10, 1982 with a total cost of construction (not adjusted for inflation) of HK $ 4.1 billion (US $ 526 million). The plan was modified from the 1970 report Hong Kong Mass Transit: Further Study , with Kwai Chung station, Lap Sap Wan station, and the planned depot at Kwai Chung next to Lap Sap Wan station replaced by the station at Kwai Hing and Kwai Fong and the depot at Tsuen Wan. Some stations also have different names from those during the planning: So the Uk station becomes Cheung Sha Wan, Cheung Sha Wan becomes Lai Chi Kok, and Lai Chi Kok becomes Lai Wan (later renamed Mei Foo).
When the services of this line started, part of the Kwun Tong line from Chater to Argyle (since renamed Central Station and Mong Kok) was transferred to the Tsuen Wan line. Thus, Waterloo station (since renamed Yau Ma Tei station) became the end of Kwun Tong line, and both Argyle and Prince Edward stations became interchange stations. This change is done because the system planners estimate Tsuen Wan's line traffic over the Kwun Tong line. This estimate proved accurate, requiring a shortcut from the New Territory northwest to Hong Kong Island. The Tung Chung line was launched in 1998 with an interchange station at Lai King for that purpose.
Although land acquisition was made for stations in Tsuen Wan West, outside of Tsuen Wan station, as part of the Tsuen Wan branch, the station was never built. It's not to be confused with the modern Tsuen Wan West station on the West Rail line, which is located in a new reclamation area near the former ferry dock.
Since it opened in 1982, the Tsuen Wan line is the line that its alignment has remained the same for a long time. For example, Kwun Tong's line alignment has changed twice since its opening - Tsuen Wan's line-up from Mong Kok to the Middle, and the takeover of Eastern Harbor Crossing by the Tseung Kwan O line.
Government approval was awarded for the construction of the island line in December 1980. Construction began in October 1981. On 31 May 1985, the Island Line opened with service between Admiralty station and Chai Wan station. Admiralty and Central Station is an interchange station with the Tsuen Wan line. Furthermore, each train is extended to eight cars. On May 23, 1986, the Island line was extended to Sheung Wan station. Construction is delayed for one year, since government offices located above the station must be removed before construction can commence.
In 1984, the government approved the construction of Eastern Harbor Crossing, a tunnel to be used by cars and MTR trains. The Kwun Tong line was extended across the harbor on 5 August 1989 to the Quarry Bay station, which became the interchange station for the Kwun Tong line and the island line. The intermediary station, Lam Tin, began operations on October 1, 1989.
Airport connection
Airport Express and Tung Chung lines began operations in 1998. The decision was made in October 1989 to build a new international airport in Chek Lap Kok on Lantau Island to replace the overcrowded Kai Tak International Airport. The government invited the MTRC to build a railway line, later known as Lantau Airport Railway, to the airport. Construction began in November 1994, after the Chinese and British governments settled their financial and land disputes.
The new lane is included in the new Hong Kong International Airport financing plan as the airport is not considered viable without direct public transport links. The cost of construction is also shared by the MTRC, which afforded many large-scale developments in construction plans for new stations.
The Lantau Airport Railway turns into two MTR lines, the Tung Chung line and the Airport Express. The Tung Chung Line was officially opened on June 21, 1998 by Hong Kong Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa, and service began the following day. Airport Express was opened for service on July 6, 1998 along with the new Hong Kong International Airport.
Airport Express also offers check-in flight facilities at Kowloon station and Hong Kong station - in-town check-in offers more convenient and time-saving routines; a free shuttle bus service takes travelers from these stations to their respective hotels as well. Porters are also available to help transport goods to and from trains. This is the second most popular means of transportation to the airport after the bus. By 2012, it has a 21.8% share of traffic to and from the airport. However, this has dropped dramatically from a 32% peak in 1999.
Maps MTR
Expansion (2000-present)
Tseung Kwan O Line
The Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Works extends the tip of Hong Kong Island from the Kwun Tong line from Quarry Bay to North Point via a pair of 2.1 kilometers (1.3 mi) tunnels. The project started because of the density at Quarry Bay and a persistent passenger complaint about five minutes walk from the island line platform to the Kwun Tong line platform. Construction began in September 1997 and was completed in September 2001 at a cost of HK $ 3.1 billion. As with the earliest interchange stations, cross-platform exchange arrangements are provided here in both directions.
The construction of the Tseung Kwan O line (called the extension line Tseung Kwan O in the planning stage) was approved on 18 August 1998 to serve the construction of new housing. Construction began on 24 April 1999 and the line was officially opened in 2002. It took over the existing Kwun Tong line that runs through the East Harbor Tunnel, so the full line extends from Po Lam to North Point. When the line is opened, the Kwun Tong line is diverted to Tiu Keng Leng in a new line. Construction costs are partly covered by the Hong Kong Government and private developers linking the Tseung Kwan O Line construction with new real estate and commercial developments.
Interchange station
The exchange between the Tsuen Wan line and the Kwun Tong line, as well as between the Kwun Tong line and the Tseung Kwan O line, are two long stations, allowing inter-platform intersections where passengers leave trains on one side of the platform and train boards on the other side of the platform for lanes other. For example, when passengers travel on the Kwun Tong line to Tiu Keng Leng, getting off at Yau Tong will allow them to switch trains across the platform for the Tseung Kwan O line to North Point. Meanwhile, staying on the train and reaching Tiu Keng Leng will allow them to take the Tseung Kwan O Line train to Po Lam/LOHAS Park. This design makes interchanging more convenient and passengers do not have the need to change to different levels. However this exchange arrangement is not available for all passengers transferred in Kowloon Tong, Central, Hong Kong, Quarry Bay, Nam Cheong (except transfer between Tuen Mun and Hong Kong bound train), Mei Foo, Tai Wai station (except down from Ma On Shan line to switch to south train to East Rail line) and Sunny Bay station (except transfer between Tung Chung and Disneyland Resort bound trains), mainly because this service is only available if two stations are continuously used together as interchange stations by two lines.
Two major jobs are done to facilitate the exchange between the Kwun Tong line and the East Rail line. Modified Kowloon Tong station began in June 2001. The new pedestrian path to Kowloon Tong south station and new entrance (Exit D) opened on 15 April 2004 to cope with the increasing flow of interchange passengers. Modifications to the Tsim Sha Tsui station involve the upgrading of station and layout facilities to facilitate access from the East Tsim Sha Tsui station through its pedestrian path. The new entrance to the subway network opened on 19 September 2004 (Exit G) and 30 March 2005 (Exit F), with the entire scheme completed in May 2005.
The Disneyland Resort Line
The Disneyland Resort line, formerly known as Penny Bay Rail Link, provides services to the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort which opened on 12 September 2005. The service to the Sunny Bay station on the Tung Chung line started in 2005. The new line and the Disneyland Resort station opened on 1 August 2005. This is a 3.5-kilometer (2.2 mi) single-track railway that runs between Sunny Bay Station and the Disneyland Resort station. Disneyland Resort Station itself is designed to blend with the resort atmosphere. This line operates an automatic train that runs every four to ten minutes without a driver. The railways were refurbished, the M-train sled to match the nature of recreation and adventure for 3.5 minutes away.
Airport Express Extensions
AsiaWorld-Expo Station is an extension of the Airport Express that serves the new international exhibition center, AsiaWorld-Expo, at Hong Kong International Airport. The station opened on December 20, 2005 along with the exhibition center. To cope with the projected increase of patronage, the Airport Express train was extended to eight carriages from the previous seven. Additional trains are also deployed on the Tung Chung line during major exhibitions and events.
Privatization and merger
On October 5, 2000, MTR Corporation (MTRCL) network operator became the first privatized Hong Kong railway company, marking the start of the Hong Kong government's initiative to dissolve its interests in public utilities. Prior to listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) was wholly owned by the Hong Kong government. The offer involves the sale of about one billion shares, and the company now has the largest shareholder base of any listed company in Hong Kong. In June 2001, MTRCL was moved to the Hang Seng Index.
MTRCL has often developed property next to the station to supplement its already profitable railway business. Many recently built stations are incorporated into large housing or shopping complexes. For example, the Tsing Yi station is built next to the Square Square shopping center and directly beneath the Tierra Verde housing complex.
On April 11, 2006, MTRCL signed a non-binding memorandum of understanding with the Hong Kong government, the owner of the Kowloon-Canton Railway Company, to combine the operation of two rail networks in Hong Kong despite strong opposition by KCRC staff. The minority shareholders of the company approved the proposal at the extraordinary general meeting on October 9, 2007, enabling MTRCL to take over the operation of the KCR network and incorporate the tariff system of the two networks on December 2, 2007.
On December 2, 2007, the Kowloon-Canton Railway Company (KCRC) granted a 50-year (extended) service concession from the KCR network to MTRCL, in exchange for annual payments to KCRC, thereby combining the rail operations of both companies under management MTRCL. At the same time, MTRCL changed its Chinese name from "??????" (Subway Limited Company) to "????????" (Hong Kong Train Limited Company), but left his English name unchanged; at the same time the Chinese system name changed from "??" ("Subway") to "??" ("Hong Kong Railway"). After the merger, the MTR network includes three more lines - the East Rail line, the West Rail line, and the Ma On Shan line - as well as the light rail network and Guangdong via train to Guangzhou.
On September 28, 2008, the tariff zone of all urban trails, the East Railway line, Ma On Shan Line and the West Rail line were combined. A passenger can travel on this network with only one ticket, except where the transfer is made between Tsim Sha Tsui and Tsim Sha Tsui East station, where two tickets are required. Student discounts on Octopus Card are also published.
Recent extensions
The MTR system has been extended several times since the merger of the railroad. Relevant projects include LÃ… rra Park spur path (2009), Kowloon Southern Link (2009), West Island Line (2014), Kwun Tong line extension (2016), and South Island line (2016).
LOHAS Park Spur Line is an extension of the Tseung Kwan O line, which separates itself from Tseung Kwan O station. It serves the new residential development of LOHAS Park (formerly "Dream City"), a land area of ​​3,550,000 square feet (330,000 m < 2 ) with fifty towers of residence. The project is divided into 9 to 13 stages and will be completed by half by 2016. This number rises above LOHAS Park station, which opened on July 26, 2009.
The West Island line, first proposed to the government on January 21, 2003, is an extension of the Island line. It serves the West District of Hong Kong Island. The West Island Line construction begins on August 10, 2009. Kennedy Town Station and HKU station opened on December 28, 2014. Sai Ying Pun Station was opened later on March 29, 2015, due to construction delays.
A proposal to extend Kwun Tong's existing line to Whampoa Garden was made in April 2006 and approved in March 2008 as part of an offer for Sha Tin to Central Link. Two new stations in Whampoa and Ho Man Tin opened on October 23, 2016.
The South Island line opened on 28 December 2016 between Admiralty and South Horizons, connecting the Southern District with the MTR for the first time. With the opening of the South Island Line, all 18 districts in Hong Kong are served by MTR.
Future expansion
Development is underway to improve existing MTR infrastructure. New subway links to the station are also being made for better access.
The South Island (West) line is part of the original proposal similar to the South Island Line, and will connect HKU to Wong Chuk Hang around the west coast of Hong Kong Island, but construction has not started in 2016.
Sha Tin to the Central Link project will create two new rail corridors upon completion. The Tai Wai to Hung Hom section is expected to be completed by 2019, connecting Ma On Shan line and West Rail line to form East West Corridor. Part of Hung Hom to Admiralty, at Victoria Harbor, is expected to be completed by 2021. It will be an extension of the East Rail line to form the North North Corridor.
The North Island line is a planned extension of the Tseung Kwan O line that will be swapped at future Tamar stations with the Tung Chung line. This will reduce traffic in the northern part of Hong Kong Island. There will be three new stations: Tamar, Exhibition Center (which will be the intersection between the North Island line and North South Corridor), and Causeway Bay North. Construction is expected to begin in 2021 and completed by 2026. The cost is estimated to be HK $ 20 billion at 2013 prices.
The Northern Link is a proposed new lane that connects the West Railway with Lok Chur Line to the Eastern Spur Railway. It also has Au Tau, Ngau Tam Mei, San Tin, the future exchange station between the East Rail and Northern Link lines, Kwu Tung, which will be the terminal for the North link.
East Kowloon Line will serve the East Kowloon area to Tseung Kwan O New Town through the hilly Sau Mau Ping residential area.
The West East corridor will be expanded to Tuen Mun South station serving Tuen Mun South.
Infrastructure
Rail network
Station facilities, facilities and services
The architecture of the MTR station is less artistic, rather than focusing on structural practicality. With high daily passenger traffic levels, MTR station facilities are built with endurance and accessibility in mind. After extensive retrofit, the MTR system has become, generally speaking, disabled-friendly - trains have a dedicated wheelchair space, the station has a special floor tile to guide the visually impaired on the platform, and there is an extra wide gate and exit for wheelchairs as well. Portable driveway for wheelchair users available for boarding and boarding. On rolling stock boards, there is also a flash system map on the preferred train while the Active Line Diagram and traditional route map are installed on the other. Infopanels as well as MTR In-Train TV onboard train displays important messages such as subsequent station announcements as well as operational messages.
Telecommunications
3G and LTE mobile phone networks (4G) are available throughout the station system and MTR tunnels that allow passengers to stay connected underground. Currently, full 3G network coverage in all stations and tunnels (except underground passage in East Rail and Western Rail lines) for MTR system has been provided by 3 Hong Kong, SmarTone and PCCW. Passengers with a subscription service will be able to make video calls and access high-speed video content on their phones regardless of whether the train is above ground or underground. MTR has expanded its Wi-Fi service to all Airport Express trains and service extensions to other MTR routes are still under consideration by MTR. All 93 stations on MTR offer free passenger Wi-Fi service with a limit of 15 minutes per session and a maximum of five sessions per day.
By the end of 2015 it was announced that all 400 pay phones in the MTR system will be removed in early 2016. Contracts with service providers, Shinetown Telecom, expire, and MTR Corporation say that no one submits a proposal to take over the contract. As a result, the MTR system no longer has a pay phone.
Announcement
When the system is opened, public announcements are made in English English and in Cantonese by the train captain and station staff. In the early 1990s, the announcement was standardized, recorded by the RTHK presenter, Dr. Cheri Chan Yu-yan (Chinese: span lang = "zh-hant"> ????? ), who is now Assistant Professor of English Education at The University of Hong Kong and remains the voice of today's MTR. Since 2004, to accommodate Mainland Chinese visitors under the Individual Visit Scheme, Mandarin has been added to the treasury.
Public toilets
Unlike many other metro systems around the world, the MTR's "main line" station initially lacks publicly available toilet facilities. Passengers can use MTR staff toilets at all stations on request. In 2006, MTRCL said it would not consider retrofitting existing underground toilets, due to the challenge of installing new plumbing and toilet facilities. Only stations on the Airport Express and Disneyland Resort lines have access to toilet facilities. All former KCR stations (on the East Rail line, West Rail line, and Ma On Shan line), merged into the MTR network in 2007, have public toilets.
During the draft bill on the merger of the Legislative Council bill, the MTR Corporation was criticized by council members for their unwillingness to install toilets at mainline stations. MTRCL indicated that they would conduct a review of the feasibility of installing public toilets in or around the railway station above the ground. Discussions between the Government and MTRCL have considered the request of LegCo members for a stronger commitment by the company for the provision of public toilets on a new railway line. This resulted in MTRCL agreeing to include the provision of toilets inside, or adjacent to, stations in the overall design parameters for all new railways in the future, in accordance with the planning and regulatory approvals and any concerns raised by nearby residents about the location of external disposal ventilation.
The toilet has since been fitted to several existing MTR stations, including Sheung Wan station, Ngau Tau Kok station, Quarry Bay station, Mong Kok station, Prince Edward station, and Admiralty station. In addition, newly opened stations such as the West Island Line have toilets. MTR plans to install public toilets at all interchange stations by 2020.
By the end of 2017, MTR introduces breastfeeding rooms at 20 interchange stations. Rooms are located behind the home area, and are available on request to MTR staff.
Trades and journals
Prior to the privatization of the MTRC, the MTR station only has branches of the Hang Seng Bank, the Maxim Cake shops, and several other stores. Since then, the number and types of stores increased at the stations has increased, turning some of them into miniature shopping centers. ATMs and department stores are now commonplace.
MTR has contracted publishers for free magazine and newspaper distribution at MTR stations. Recruit is the first free magazine distributed only at the station (before the merger of the train) since July 1992, but the contract was terminated in July 2002. Other recruiting magazines Jiu Jik (??) , published by South China Morning Post , replaced Recruit as the only free recruitment magazine distributed at the MTR station twice a week. The Metropolis Daily, published by Metro International, is the first free newspaper to be distributed free of charge at MTR stations during weekdays (except public holidays); and in 2005, there was another weekend newspaper Express Mail (????), distributed every Saturday except public holidays. The Metropop , a weekly magazine featuring cultural issues and city trends also published by Metro International, began its distribution at the MTR station every Thursday since April 27, 2006, months after the cessation of Hui Kai Guide (?? Guide) in 2006. The MTR station on the former KCR channel featured two free Chinese newspapers, namely am730 and Headline Daily >. MTR promotes the reading of this newspaper by adding special coupons and promotional offers in newspapers, for example, free trips to Lok Ma Chau or free locks. On Kwun Tong line, East Rail line, Ma On Shan line and West Rail line, MTR In-Train TV is available.
MTR Bus
At various MTR network stations, MTRCL (which takes over from KCR) has set up a feeder bus that enhances the convenience of retrieving MTR. This bus route, which usually consists of one to two stops, ends in housing and passes through the main building. The feeder bus route on the East Rail line runs under the name of MTR but is operated by Kowloon Motor Bus.
Rolling stock
Seven types of rolling multiple electric units operate on the MTR network and four generations of light rail vehicles operate on light rail networks. All using 1,432 mm ( 4Ã, ftÃ, 8 3 / 8 in ) rail gauge (near standard gauge) or 1,435 mm ( 4Ã, ftÃ, 8 1 / 2 in ) (standard gauge). Except for the Airport Express train, all trains are designed to cope with high patronage, for example, through seating arrangements, additional ventilation fans, and extra wide door sets. This configuration allows the MTR to run at 101,000 passengers per hour per direction (p/h/d) on the busy suburban East Rail line and 85,000 p/h/d on its urban metro network.
Metro Cammell EMU (DC)
Known as the M-train, this is the oldest operating train model. M-Trains can be divided into different "shares". M-stock (or "CM-stock") from M-Train is the oldest train on the MTR, built initially by Metro-Cammell (now Alstom) and updated by United Goninan. The M-train uses a sliding door, unlike K-stock and Grupo CAF Trains that use the door plug. They serve Kwun Tong line, Tsuen Wan line, Island line and Tseung Kwan O line.
The Disneyland Resort line uses a driverless M-train with an overhauled appearance to match the atmosphere and line theme. The windows on each carriage and the handrails in it were made into the shape of Mickey Mouse's head, and there was a bronze Disney character that decorated the interior of the carriage.
EMU Adtranz-CAF
Tung Chung Line and Airport Express using CAF Trains adapted to their respective tracks. Originally running in seven car formations, they have now been extended to eight cars. These two variations were made jointly by Adtranz (now Bombardier Transportation) and Grupo CAF (CAF) between 1994-97. Since 2006, K-stock has also been used in Tung Chung line.
Rotem EMU
K-stock was built jointly by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Hyundai Rotem and was first used on the Kwun Tong line. Subsequently, in 2006, four additional sets joined the Tung Chung line to cope with an increase in passenger traffic. K-Stock train got criticized when first operated due to delays and door security problems. There have been incidents where passengers were injured by the door and other service reliability issues have caused MTRCL to "minimize the number of Korean trains for passenger service until the higher reliability of the system is reached".
CNR Changchun EMU
Contract (C6554-07E) for 10 sets of new trains awarded to Changchun Railway Vehicles Co. Limited in October 2008 with 12 trains booked in the summer of 2011. The MTR trains are delivered to Hong Kong between 2011 and 2013 to increase the frequency of trains on existing lines to serve patronage increases on the Island track, Kwun Tong line, the Tsuen Wan line and the Tseung Kwan O line. The train features a new 22 "LCD TV, like their college train on the ex-KCR line equipped with MTR In-Train TV, offering infotainment like news and announcements.The first of these trains enters the revenue service on December 7th 2011 in Kwun Tong line.
The South Island line uses the same train known as S-train . Unlike the original C-Train, the pantograph is in the car A . All cars are powered, so no trailer. The S-train is also only three long cars and no driver, with taxi drivers removed with space for passengers. However, S-trains can still activate manual operations in an emergency.
SP1900/1950 EMU
Both East Rail and West Rail lines use SP1900, while Ma On Shan line uses SP1950, a model shorter than SP1900. The electrification system used in this line is 25 kV AC, 50 Hz, compared to 1.5-kV DC used on urban trails. If it needs to arise in the future, double voltage trains such as those used at Oresund Bridge will be required.
Both of these rolling stock models come from previous KCRC networks (KCR East Rail, West Rail, and Ma On Shan Rail). They did not receive major changes after the merger of the two companies except for updated route maps, exterior corporate logos and the like. This EMU fleet capability is similar to that in urban networks.
Metro Cammell EMU (AC)
The older EMU Metro Cammell is also used on the East Rail line. There are 351 cars that have been built (29 sets of 3 surplus cars) since 1982.
Currently there are plans to replace these cars with the new Hyundai Rotem EMU (R-stock) between 2018-2020. This is part of the upgrading program associated with the new Shatin to Central Link.
Hyundai Rotem EMU (R-stock)
In December 2012, MTRC announced that a new contract has been granted to Hyundai Rotem for 37 new nine-car trains to be used at Sha Tin to the Central Link.
The train is expected to replace the EMU Metro Cammell currently running on the existing East Rail line. The new R-stock train is wider than the existing unit and can accommodate more passengers per car; However, the length of each train will be cut from the current 12-car configuration used on Metro Cammell and SP1900 EMU to nine cars. This is due to space limitations imposed by the new underground platform at Sha Tin to Central Link. The MTR will also improve the existing signal system used on the East Rail line that will allow the train to operate on an average two-minute headway instead of the current three-minute interval, which the MTRC hopes will be able to offset the loss of capacity resulting from shorter trains. However, there are concerns from local residents that this will not be effective.
Light rail vehicle
Lightweight sled is ordered from three different manufacturers: Commonwealth Engineering (Comeng), Kawasaki Heavy Industries, United Goninan, and CRRC Nanjing Puzhen. They are designed to run on standard gauges and utilize 750 V DCs sent over the air channel. The train consists of one or two carriages, where the second carriage serves only as a trailer. The arrangement allows each car to carry about 300 passengers with 26 seats, while four sets of poach seats provide a flexible ride for passengers.
The light rail is being modernized as part of its 20th anniversary activities. Trains will include better disabled facilities as well as a completely new interior. MTR will update 69 older trains and purchase 22 new trains. The first train has been completed and is scheduled to start operating in November 2009. The entire project is expected to be completed in 2011.
Head Office
The MTR Headquarters building is located in Telford Plaza. It is part of the larger Telford Garden complex, developed as part of a partnership between MTR and private development companies.
Telford Plaza held an exhibition dedicated to MTR history in April 2014.
Prices and tickets
After the merger of the rails, there are three different tariff classes on the MTR: Adults, Students, and Concessions. Only children under 12 years of age and senior citizens of 65 years or older are eligible for concession levels on all fronts. Full Hong Kong students between the ages of 12 and 25 are eligible for the rate of concessions using personalized Octopus Cards on all lines except at the Airport Express, or travel to or from the cross-border station (Lo Wu/Lok Ma Chau). Children under 3 years of age are free to travel (unless they exceed the height range).
MTR tariffs between two particular stations are not calculated using a particular formula, and must be searched from the rate table. Tariffs for the Airport Expressway are significantly higher. The service for checkpoint termini is also more expensive than the usual fare. Adult rates range from HK $ 3.6 to $ 52.6 (US $ 0.46-6.74). The concession ticket is usually half the adult rate, and ranges from HK $ 1.50 to $ 27.00. Student rates are the same as child and elderly rates on urban trails, but are the same as Adult rates for travel to or from this termini checkpoint, and range from HK $ 1.50 to $ 51.00. Rates are subject to adjustment in June of each year.
Prior to May 2009, the MTR did not provide a concessionary ticket for persons with disabilities. Legislators such as social welfare constituent legislator Fernando Cheung Chiu-hung and those from the Hong Kong Democracy and Livelihood Association have for years demanded that such concessions be enforced. In May 2009, the MTR finally agreed to offer a deactivated concession tariff with a HK $ 2 million sponsor from the Transportation and Housing Bureau and on condition that the Legislative Council amend the Disability Discrimination Act.
Single travel tickets can be purchased at vending machines while tour tickets, Octopus cards, and other special tickets must be purchased at the ticket booth. Credit cards are only accepted to purchase Airport Express tickets.
Octopus Card
The Octopus Card is a rechargeable no-charge smart card used in electronic payment systems in Hong Kong developed by the Australian company ERG Group. Launched in September 1997 for use on MTR (and KCR, now operated by MTR) and now the most widely used electronic money system for transactions in Hong Kong as many retailers (including supermarkets, car parks and fast food outlets) are equipped with readers. The technology used is Sony Felica line of smartcard. The Octopus Card uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology so users only need to hold the card in front of the reader, without removing it from the bag and wallet.
Except for Airport Express, MTR rates are slightly lower when using an Octopus card compared to using a single travel ticket. For example, the three minute trip cost from Admiralty to Tsim Sha Tsui across Victoria Harbor is (starting January 2018) HK $ 9.7 using an Octopus card, compared to HK $ 10.5 for a single trip ticket. Also, to get discounts and promotions, say Monthly Point Scheme and MTR Club, passengers must hold the Octopus Card.
Pass tour
The Tourist Day Pass gives travelers unlimited MTR travel for a day (with the exception of the Bus MTR route, the First Class East Railway, the Airport Express, and trips to and from Lo Wu, Lok Ma Chau and Racecourse stations). Each ticket costs HK $ 55 and is available at all MTR Customer Service Centers. Tourist Day Pass must be used within 30 days after the issuance day. The Octopus Airport Express Tourist Card is also available. Cardholders can enjoy three days of unlimited travel on the MTR (except Airport Express, First Class East Line line, Lo Wu and Lok Ma Chau) a refundable deposit of HK $ 50 and one option (HK $ 220) or return -love (HK) $ 300) at the Airport Express.
Other rates
A touchless smart card system is used for single travel tickets. These tickets are paid upfront for a pre-defined station, and only enough for one trip. No return tickets, except at Airport Express. By mid-2013, less than 5 percent of MTR customers travel in one travel ticket.
Rates for Airport Express are substantially different from the main line rates. Apart from single tickets, the same round-trip ticket (same price with one ticket), and a one-month round-trip ticket is also available.
A one-day admission can be used for unlimited travel to and from Hong Kong Disneyland within the same day, at a cost of HK $ 50. This pass can be purchased from any Customer Service Center MTR or the Express Customer Service Center.
Recommended tickets
The Ticket Suggestion function is developed by MTR along with Route Suggestions on the MTR website. Based on user travel and travel patterns, it can recommend the most cost-effective ticket type for daily and non-daily commuters.
Regardless of the official application, third parties, such as MTR Service Update, have developed their own ticket recommendations, claiming to be more user-friendly and cost-effective. Checkfare Service Update MTR may recommend users whether to exchange in Tsim Sha Tsui/Tsim Sha Tsui East, to receive more discounts..
Performance
Since the merger in 2007, MTR has consistently achieved 99.9% timely tariffs, which means of 5.2 million average passengers each working day, 5.195 million passengers arriving within 5 minutes of the scheduled time. This makes MTR one of the most efficient fast transit systems on the planet. MTR should report all delays more than eight minutes to the government. There were 143 incidents that could be reported in 2013. The MTR was fined HK $ 1 million due to a delay of 31 minutes to an hour, with higher penalties for longer delays.
Rules and security
According to Mass Transit Railway By-laws, eating, drinking, or smoking are not allowed in paid or car park areas. The offender will be fined up to HK $ 5000.
Various campaigns and activities are conducted to help ensure that the MTR is a safe system to travel. Campaign posters featuring information on topics such as escalator safety are a common sight in all MTR stations, and announcements are made regularly as a safety reminder for traveling passengers. Household budgets were also introduced to prevent potentially dangerous actions on MTR, such as the ban of flammable items on the MTR and rushing to the train when the door closes. Penalties ranging from fines to prisons have been imposed for such violations.
Police officers patrolled on trains and stations, and police stations were available at several stations. Hong Kong Police has a Railway District in charge of MTR. Closed-circuit television cameras are installed at the station and in some newer trains.
All Tung Chung and Airport Express lines, as well as stations added by the Tseung Kwan O Line, have a platform screen door (PSD), ordered from Swiss glass door manufacturer Kaba Gilgen AG, installed during construction. So is the entire West Rail line (except the Hung Hom station), inherited from KCR. These doors make the platform safer by preventing people from falling onto the tracks, although MTRCL does not promote it directly. However, the main motivation is to separate the station from the tunnel, thereby enabling great energy savings on AC stations and tunnel ventilation. The automatic platform gate (APG) has also been installed at Sunny Bay and Disneyland Resort stations. Their altitude is half of the PSD and only prevents people from falling onto the tracks. MTR has finished installing APG on all MTR stations above ground except on East Rail and Ma On Shan lines; they will be installed there as part of Sha Tin to the Central Link project.
In June 2000, MTRCL proceeded with its plan to retrofit 2,960 pairs of platform screen doors across 30 underground stations on the Kwun Tong line, Tsuen Wan line, and Island Line in a six-year program. This program makes the MTR as the world's first railway to retrofitting PSDs on already operated passenger systems. The prototype design was first introduced at Choi Hung station in the 3rd quarter of 2001. The entire installation scheme was completed in October 2005, ahead of the forecast completion date in 2006. MTRCL said that part of the cost should be assumed by passengers. HK $ 0.10 per passenger journey is charged to Octopus card users to help fund a retrofit program worth HK $ 2 billion. These charges expire in 2013 after raising more than HK $ 1 billion.
Visual identity
The MTR visual identity, which includes logos, vehicle livery, signboards, route maps and passenger information, was updated in 1995-1998 by Lloyd Northover, a British design consultant founded by John Lloyd and Jim Northover.
MTR Service Update
MTR Service Update is an online service that provides MTR service information via Twitter and Facebook. The company was founded by a group of MTR employees and passengers post-80s. Messages are provided in Traditional Chinese and English. Although some of its founders are MTR employees, this service is not officially provided by MTR.
This service was established due to MTR dissatisfaction on handling service interruption messages. This service is based on the one provided for the London Underground. Because the service is user-driven, passenger engagement is critical. The MTR Service update team now faces problems without data sources in areas with low participation rates, such as Tseung Kwan O.
In addition to providing services to Twitter, the team has also developed mobile apps for popular mobile platforms. For Android, there is TrainBoard and Swiftzer MetroRide.
Social reach
Art promotion
With the goal of "not only bringing MTR passengers more time to live, but also more time for art", the Arts in MTR Initiative has been a success since its acceptance in 1998, where the Express Express Art Works Program is a pilot project. After that, live performances, art exhibitions, art exhibitions by established and emerging artists, students and young people have been taken to the MTR station. MTRCL has even created an art piece of station architecture when building new stations or renovating existing ones. Artwork is exhibited in various forms on the network, including "arttube", open art gallery, community art gallery, traveling art, live art, and art in station architecture.
MTR Hong Kong Race Walking
MTR and Hong Kong Amateur Athletic Association have jointly organized MTR Hong Kong Race Walking every year in the spring since 2005. The race competition aims to promote healthy living in Hong Kong. The race starts and ends on the ground above the Central MTR station, namely Chater Garden, Chater Road, Ice House Street and Des Voeux Road Central in Central. There's a fun way apart from the regular competition. This event attracted more than 800 participants in 2005 and 1,500 in 2012. Apart from Hongkong, this event also attracts athletes from various countries. The race raises funds for Better Health for Better Hong Kong, a Hospital Authority project for working people.
Controversy
Destruction of the conservation area at Yuen Long
The MTR corporation was attacked in June 2011 after their work on a high-speed cross-border rail line into the conservation area in Pat Heung, Yuen Long. 34 trees were felled and the entire slopes were drained in the conservation area. The Department of Environmental Protection issued a summons to the company for violations under the Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance. In September 2011, a fine of HK $ 15,000 was imposed by the court. The MTR Company recognizes that 34 trees were felled by mistake; are all common native forest species and no rare species of trees are affected. Corporations say due to the technical misalignment of the relevant images, plans submitted to the Department of Environmental Protection exclude parts of the Conservation Area included in their inaugural employment plan. Corporations recognize that part of the approved tree felling may have penetrated into the Conservation Area during construction, and proactively report the situation to the government. Evaluations and actions have been taken to prevent similar incidents from happening again.
Tree felling and failure to preserve native species
The MTR Company was attacked again in September 2011 after cutting down dozens of trees in Admiralty as part of construction work for the South Island line. Green activists denounce tree felling as "unprofessional", and Ken So Kwok-yin, chief executive of the Conservancy Association and a certified tree expert, said that the explanation offered by MTR Corporation on why trees are felled is "unacceptable". The MTR Company cuts about 4,000 trees to build the South Island track, raising concerns from environmental groups and communities about its commitment to protecting Hong Kong's natural environment.
Limitations on large suitcases
Corporations have limits on the size of the goods allowed on the train. The MTR system is facing pressure from the growing number of parallel merchants carrying large luggage to trains for resale in China. Corporations have been criticized for allowing parallel merchants to ride trains with large bags, causing undue congestion and inconvenience to residents of the Northern District.
Furthermore, corporations are accused of imposing double standards when cross-border smuggling images encouraging excessive trollies appear on social network sites on a regular basis, while local students carrying large musical instruments are reported to have been stopped and issued with written warnings. Leading musicians join in criticism of MTR's unreasonable attitude on large instruments; some residents invited cello players and other great instruments to gather on October 3, 2015 with their equipment at Tai Wai station, where most of these examples took place.
Following the public uproar, the MTR issued a press release in the early hours recognizing its dissatisfaction and announced a one-month review of its policy on large items to see if there was any room for fine-tuning that would not compromise on passenger safety. Corporations say that staff will continue to execute existing policies until each revision is made.
See also
- List of MTR stations
- List of metro systems around the world
- The metro system with an annual passenger vehicle
- Other trains in Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Tramway
- Kai No monorail (planned)
- Peak Tram
- Carrying in Hong Kong
- MTR Tariff Adjustment Mechanism
Note
References
External links
- Official website
- Urbanrail Page on Hong Kong
- Track map
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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